Clotting of echinoderm coelomic fluid

Boolootian, Richard A.; Giese, Arthur C.

doi:10.1002/jez.1401400203

Cited by 53 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Cellular clots are induced upon collection of coelomic fluid in the absence of anticoagulant [11], [29], however the molecular basis for cell clotting in sea urchins is not well understood. There are a number of gene models in the genome of the purple sea urchin encoding proteins that are likely involved in cell-cell adhesion [47] and cell clotting or coagulation of the coelomic fluid including amassin, thrombin, plasminogen, serpins, kallikrien and transglutaminase [4], [48].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coelomocytes wall off clusters of bacteria in hanging drop cultures [10] and quickly clear injected bacteria from the coelomic cavity [7], [27], [28]. Upon removal from a sea urchin, coelomocytes immediately initiate clot formation indicative of immune effector cell activation (mainly phagocytes) near the site of the needle puncture wound from which the coelomocytes are collected [11], [29]. Moreover, coelomocytes are typically collected through a sterile needle, which most likely causes shear stresses on the cells and may promote clotting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aggregation of Sea Urchin Phagocytes Is Augmented In Vitro by Lipopolysaccharide

2013

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Development of protocols and media for culturing immune cells from marine invertebrates has not kept pace with advancements in mammalian immune cell culture, the latter having been driven by the need to understand the causes of and develop therapies for human and animal diseases. However, expansion of the aquaculture industry and the diseases that threaten these systems creates the need to develop cell and tissue culture methods for marine invertebrates. Such methods will enable us to better understand the causes of disease outbreaks and to develop means to avoid and remedy epidemics. We report a method for the short-term culture of phagocytes from the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, by modifying an approach previously used to culture cells from another sea urchin species. The viability of cultured phagocytes from the purple sea urchin decreases from 91.6% to 57% over six days and phagocyte morphology changes from single cells to aggregates leading to the formation of syncytia-like structures. This process is accelerated in the presence of lipopolysaccharide suggesting that phagocytes are capable of detecting this molecular pattern in culture conditions. Sea urchin immune response proteins, called Sp185/333, are expressed on the surface of a subset of phagocytes and have been associated with syncytia-like structures. We evaluated their expression in cultured phagocytes to determine their possible role in cell aggregation and in the formation of syncytia-like structures. Between 0 and 3 hr, syncytia-like structures were observed in cultures when only ∼10% of the cells were positive for Sp185/333 proteins. At 24 hr, ∼90% of the nuclei were Sp185/333-positive when all of the phagocytes had aggregated into syncytia-like structures. Consequently, we conclude that the Sp185/333 proteins do not have a major role in initiating the aggregation of cultured phagocytes, however the Sp185/333 proteins are associated with the clustered nuclei within the syncytia-like structures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aggregation of Sea Urchin Phagocytes Is Augmented In Vitro by Lipopolysaccharide

2013

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“…One of the main functions of these cells is the formation of cellular clumps which act as clots as a means of hemostasis after injury [Geddes, 1880;Kindred, 19211. The shape change to the filopodial form may be necessary for proper clot formation and retraction [Boolootian and Giese, 1959;Edds, 1977al. Interestingly, Kanungo [1982a has recently reported that sea star coelomocyte clumping is dependent upon external Ca++ and/or Mg+ + concentrations and can be initiated by treatment with the ionophore A23187.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium regulation of the actin‐mediated cytoskeletal transformation of sea urchin coelomocytes

Henson

Schatten

1983

Cell Motility

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Coelomocytes from several echinoderm species undergo an actin-mediated cytoskeletal transformation once subjected to hypotonic shock. In this study, coelomocytes from the sea urchins Lytechinus variegatus and Arbacia punctulata were induced to "transform" by treatment with > 5 pM of the calcium ionophore A23187 in the presence of external Ca++. The dependence of ionophore transformation on external Caf + and the lack of chlorotetracycline staining indicates that these cells rely on external Ca + + sources. NBD-phallacidin (7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-phallacidin) staining of lysolecithin permeabilized cells and wholemount transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show that similar reorganizations of the actin cytoskeleton take place during hypotonic shock and ionophore transformation, although actin filament bundling is less apparent in A23 187-treated cells. As has been shown with hypotonic shock transformation, the ionophore elicited shape change is inhibited by anticalmodulin drugs. Greater than 10 pM concentrations of W 13 inhibit filopod formation, while this drug's less active structural analogue, W 12, exhibits no effects. W 13 also appears to disrupt actin filament-membrane associations in the cells. Fluorescent localization of calmodulin using a photooxidized derivative of trifluoperazine indicates a general cytoplasmic distribution with some concentration in filopod core bundles. Coelomocyte transformation may be an example of a cellular shape change regulated by Ca++ through the action of calmodulin modulation of actin-membrane interactions.

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“…Descriptive accounts of the aggregation phenomena have been given by various workers (Bookout and Greenburgh, 1940;Boolootian and Giese, 1959;Endean, 1966), and a striking feature is the morphological change which occurs in one of the coelomocyte types, the bladder amoebocyte, and which appears to involve extensive membrane rearrangement. Descriptive accounts of the aggregation phenomena have been given by various workers (Bookout and Greenburgh, 1940;Boolootian and Giese, 1959;Endean, 1966), and a striking feature is the morphological change which occurs in one of the coelomocyte types, the bladder amoebocyte, and which appears to involve extensive membrane rearrangement.…”

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confidence: 99%

COELOMOCYTE AGGREGATION INCUCUMARIA FRONDOSA: EFFECT OF ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETATE, ADENOSINE, AND ADENOSINE NUCLEOTIDES

Noble¹

1970

The Biological Bulletin

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Clotting of echinoderm coelomic fluid

Cited by 53 publications

References 14 publications

Aggregation of Sea Urchin Phagocytes Is Augmented In Vitro by Lipopolysaccharide

Aggregation of Sea Urchin Phagocytes Is Augmented In Vitro by Lipopolysaccharide

Calcium regulation of the actin‐mediated cytoskeletal transformation of sea urchin coelomocytes

COELOMOCYTE AGGREGATION INCUCUMARIA FRONDOSA: EFFECT OF ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETATE, ADENOSINE, AND ADENOSINE NUCLEOTIDES

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