Cloud band variations and the integrated luminosity of Jupiter

Less absorbed solar energy and more internal heat for Jupiter

“…In addition to the short-term variation of Jupiter’s full-disk albedo, we explore the possible long-term variations of Jupiter’s full-disk albedo based on one of our previous studies 69 . The temporal variations of Jupiter’s brightness in five visible and near-infrared bandpasses (U, B, V, R, and I filters with wavelengths 360, 436, 549, 700, and 900 nm, respectively) from 1963 to 2011, which are based on the observations from three sources of standardized wide-band photoelectric photometry for Jupiter, are discussed in our previous study 69 . These data sets used in the previous study 69 basically represent the long-term high-quality observations of Jupiter by wide-band filter photometry.…”

“…These data sets used in the previous study 69 basically represent the long-term high-quality observations of Jupiter by wide-band filter photometry. One author of the previous study 69 and this study (R.W. Schmude Jr.) also recorded and processed the new data from 2011 to 2015.…”

“…Then the ratio between the anomaly brightness and time-average brightness is used to represent the anomaly percentage of brightness. Finally, the anomaly percentage of brightness at different phase angles is adjusted to the anomaly percentage of brightness at the phase angle 0° by a phase function 69 . The phase-angle adjustment is small because the maximal phase angle of all observations is ~11°.…”

Comprehensive wide-band magnitudes and albedos for the planets, with applications to exo-planets and Planet Nine

“…-7.251 0.007 -9.067 0.006 -9.625 0.008 -9.579 0.005 -9.200 0.009 57082.11 -7.268 0.010 -9.101 0.005 -9.653 0.004 -9.583 0.005 -9.231 0.011 57091.08 -7.254 0.009 -9.068 0.007 -9.646 0.005 -9.594 0.005 -9.234 0.01143The jovian luminosity model is a simple quadratic illumination phase function as indicated in Equation Athe illumination phase angle. The observed phase angles ranged from 0 to 12 degrees Mallama and Schmude (2012). found brightness changes which correlate with variations in the atmospheric state but their amplitudes were just a few hundredths of a magnitude.…”

“…Global dust storms were also found to produce a 15% brightness excess. The magnitude of Jupiter (Mallama and Schmude 2012) is fairly constant although changing intensities of its cloud belts produce measurable variations of the integrated flux. The inclination of Saturn's rings (Schmude 2011 andMallama 2012) contributes to a brightness variation approaching two magnitudes.…”