“…The optimization was performed on the computationally inexpensive surrogate model using the Dakota library [23,39], which contains many gradient-based and derivative-free methods for design optimization studies. Dakota also provides a flexible interface between the analysis tool (i.e., OpenFOAM) and its optimization algorithms, which allows for the setup of an automated workflow [40,41]. Dakota uses OpenFOAM as a black box function that takes some input, specified by Dakota, and transforms it into some output, used by Dakota to determine whether it meets certain performance conditions.…”