“…Next-generation communication technologies accelerated the adoption of smartphones as the primary medium for consumer interactions (Steen, 2009; Kim and Park, 2016). Smartphones provide technology convergence of internet, camera, microphone, location sensors, orientation sensors, fingerprint and other biometric sensors, among others (Gábor and Gausz, 2018; Astriani et al , 2019; Roobini and Fenila Naomi, 2019; Söderlund et al , 2019; Subasi et al , 2019; Sukariasih et al , 2019; Petrescu et al , 2020). This technology convergence is one of the key contributing factors making smartphones the preferred target for genuine and malicious actors.…”