Clove Essential Oil (<em>Syzygium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae</em>): Extraction, Chemical Composition, Food Applications and Essential Bioactivities for Human Health

Abstract

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae) is an aromatic plant widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries, rich in volatile compounds and antioxidants such as eugenol, &amp;beta;-caryophyllene, and &amp;alpha;-humulene. Clove essential oil has received considerable interest due to its wide application in the perfumery, cosmetic, health, medical, flavoring, and food industries. Clove essential oil has relevant biological activities to human health, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and insecticide. This review describes the effect of the extraction method (hydrodistillation, steam distillation, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, cold pressing, and supercritical fluid extraction) on the chemical composition of essential oil and its correlation with their biological activities. Likewise, are summarized the main compounds and their reported biological activities. Furthermore, the main applications in clove essential oil in the food industry are presented. Finally, this review presents the new biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anesthetic, antinociceptive and anticancer, which are beneficial for human health. This review aims to compile the effect of different methods of extracting clove essential oil on chemical composition, food applications, as well as a current description of biological activities of interest to human health. Biological activities have increased interest in research into this essential oil and its future applications in the food or pharmaceutical industry.

A comprehensive review on clove (Caryophyllus aromaticus L.) essential oil and its significance in the formulation of edible coatings for potential food applications

“…CEO has over 30 different chemicals, of which eugenol makes up the majority (at least 50%). Eugenyl acetate , - humulene , and - caryophyllene make up the remaining 10–40% ( 20 ).…”

“…The eugenol content in various portions of plants, on the other hand, fluctuates with the season. In comparison to summer varieties, studies show that the highest eugenol yield can be produced in the fall season ( 20 ). Chemical structure of eugenol is represented in Figure 1 .…”

“…Furthermore, the inclusion of the CEO in cleaning wipes enables surface cleansing. More than moroxydine hydrochloride, CEO has been proven to boost tomato plants' resistance to the tomato yellow leaf curl virus ( 20 ).…”

“…When CEO interacts with fatty acids, polysaccharides, and phospholipids, the integrity of cell membrane is lost, contents of the cell leak out, and the proton pump is interfered with, which results in cell death ( 84 ). CEO can prevent the growth of yeast, Penicillium, C. albicans, Aspergillus ( A. flavus, A. ochraceus and A. parasiticus ), Gram-negative bacteria ( E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella , and L. monocytogenesand Erwinia carotovora ), Gram-positive bacteria ( Streptococcus, S. aureus , and L. monocytogenes ) ( 20 ). It has been suggested that the hydroxyl group on eugenol inhibits protease, histidine carboxylase, and amylase activity in Enterobacter aerogenes by binding to them.…”

“…The amount of time needed to reach full anesthesia decreases with dose concentration. Additionally, when recovering from anesthesia, there are no negative effects of CEO based on the dose and exposure period ( 20 ).…”