Clue cells

Khan, KaleemJ; Shah, Rajul; Gautam, Manjyot; Patil, Sharmila

doi:10.4103/0253-7184.39018

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Subsequently, cytotoxicity resulting from the combination of organic acids present in the vagina during BV and bacterial polyamines leads to the production of a vaginal discharge caused by the exfoliation of vaginal epithelial cells ( Sobel, 2017 ). Furthermore, this bacterium, cover the vaginal epithelial cells, causing the formation of “clue-cells”, a specific characteristic of BV ( Khan et al., 2007 ).…”

Section: Bacterial Vaginosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Vaginosis: What Do We Currently Know?

Chacra

Fénollar

Diop

2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

103

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The vaginal microbiome is a well-defined compartment of the human microbiome. It has unique conditions, characterized by the dominance of one bacterial species, the Lactobacilli. This microbiota manifests itself by a low degree of diversity and by a strong dynamic of change in its composition under the influence of various exogenous and endogenous factors. The increase in diversity may paradoxically be associated with dysbiosis, such as bacterial vaginosis (BV). BV is the result of a disturbance in the vaginal ecosystem; i.e., a sudden replacement of Lactobacilli by anaerobic bacteria such as Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, and others. It is the most common cause of vaginal discharge in women of childbearing age, approximately 30% of all causes. The etiology of this dysbiosis remains unknown, but its health consequences are significant, including obstetrical complications, increased risk of sexually transmitted infections and urogenital infections. Its diagnosis is based on Amsel’s clinical criteria and/or a gram stain based on the Nugent score. While both of these methods have been widely applied worldwide for approximately three decades, Nugent score are still considered the “gold standard” of BV diagnostic tools. Given the limitations of these tools, methods based on molecular biology have been developed as alternative rational strategies for the diagnosis of BV. The treatment of BV aims at restoring the balance of the vaginal flora to stop the proliferation of harmful microorganisms. Prescription of antibiotics such as metronidazole, clindamycin, etc. is recommended. Faced with the considerable uncertainty about the cause of BV, the high rate of recurrence, the unacceptable treatment options, and clinical management which is often insensitive and inconsistent, research on this topic is intensifying. Knowledge of its composition and its associated variations represents the key element in improving the therapeutic management of patients with the most suitable treatments possible.

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Section: Bacterial Vaginosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Vaginosis: What Do We Currently Know?

Chacra

Fénollar

Diop

2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

103

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“…12 Estrogen menjadi sumber makanan bagi Sacchorolytic lactobacilli, menyebabkan peningkatan produksi asam laktat, sehingga menurunkan pH vagina menjadi < 4,5. 13 Peningkatan jumlah Lactobacillus dan penurunan pH vagina menyebabkan gangguan keseimbangan flora normal vagina, sehingga menyebabkan BV. 12,13 b.Hipotesis Penggunaan Produk Intravaginal Penggunaan tampon, douching, sabun, handuk, bahan-bahan herbal, dan bunga dapat mengganggu flora normal vagina.…”

Section: Etiologiunclassified

Pencegahan dan Manajemen Vaginosis Bakterial

Rosita¹,

Dewi²,

Aliwardani³

2022

CDK

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Gangguan keseimbangan flora bakteri normal dalam vagina menyebabkan vaginosis bakterial. Vaginosis bakterial dapat tidak menunjukkan gejala atau ditandai dengan duh tubuh putih keabuan disertai bau amis. Skor Nugent merupakan standar emas untuk diagnosis. Penggunaan probiotik menunjukkan hasil memuaskan sehingga dipertimbangkan dalam manajemen bakterial vaginosis. Bacterial vaginosis is caused by disruption of normal bacterial flora balance in the vagina. This disease may show no symptoms; can be characterized by the presence of agrayish-white discharge accompanied by a fishy odor. Nugent score is the gold standard for diagnosis. The use of probiotics shows satisfactory results; and may be considered in the management of bacterial vaginosis.

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“…Amsel criteria (Table 2) have been used in most studies as the gold standard. Clue cells are vaginal squamous epithelial cells with coccobacilli-shaped bacteria densely adhered to them and obscuring their borders and making these appear indistinct rather than clearly defined (Khan et al, 2007). Furthermore, there is a significant lack of polymorphonuclear lymphocytes characterised by < 1 PMN per squamous epithelial cell.…”

Section: Diagnosis Of Bacterial Vaginosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Presence of >20% clue cells found through microscopy in the vaginal fluid Three of the following criteria must be present for a diagnosis of BV. Source: Amsel et al (1983), Henn et al (2005), Alfonsi et al (2004), Cook et al (1992) and Khan et al (2007).…”

Section: Complications Of Bacterial Vaginosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…temporal nature of the association between BV and acquisition of STIs remains an ongoing discussion. Although there is evidence favouring the plausibility that BV also incurs an elevated risk for HPV acquisition (Khan et al, 2007), this also remains a matter of debate. Since the 1970's BV has been associated with pelvic inflammatory disease in the absence of Chlamydia or Neisseria gonorrhea (Morris et al, 2001).…”

Section: Complications Of Bacterial Vaginosismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Bacterial vaginosis: Literature review of treatment options with specific emphasis on non-antibiotic treatment

Truter¹,

Graz²

2013

Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.

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Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a vaginal infection that occurs when the balance of bacteria in the vagina isaltered. It is a common condition affecting millions of women. Although the syndrome is curable with standard drugs such as metronidazole and clindamycin, relapse rates are high. Many patients are asymptomatic and recurrence is difficult to differentiate from treatment failure. The infection can have gynaecological and obstetric complications. In addition, there is an association with the transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV/AIDS. This review focuses on the epidemiology, aetiology, diagnosis, complications and treatment of BV, with emphasis on the role of non-antimicrobial treatment options. Firstly, the lowering of the vaginal pH is discussed as one possible treatment option. An overview is given of the use of acetic and lactic acid gels, boric acid suppositories, as well as studies that reported on the use of douches and tampons. Thereafter, the role of Lactobacillus (probiotic) supplementation as treatment is discussed. Literature sources recommend that more research on BV be conducted. Although standard pharmacological therapy is effective, there are limited treatment options available. Recent research indicating the presence of a structured polymicrobial Gardnerella vaginalis biofilm attached to the endometrium may have major implications for future research into the pathogenesis and treatment of BV.

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Clue cells

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Bacterial Vaginosis: What Do We Currently Know?

Bacterial Vaginosis: What Do We Currently Know?

Pencegahan dan Manajemen Vaginosis Bakterial

Bacterial vaginosis: Literature review of treatment options with specific emphasis on non-antibiotic treatment

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