Clustering and recall: Do high clusterers recall more than low clusterers because of clustering?

Brown, Sam C.; Conover, Jerry N.; Flores, Luis; Goodman, Karen M.

doi:10.1037/0278-7393.17.4.710

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…It was also expected that the multiple group would exhibit greater category clustering in the final recall test than the single test group. Furthermore, greater clustering is typically associated with higher levels of recall (e.g., Hunt & Einstein, 1981;Brown, Conover, Flores, & Goodman 1991), suggesting that the multiple test condition would produce greater recall in the final test.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the enhanced clustering in the multiple condition was present in the last tests of the first session. Given that greater category clustering is associated with higher recall (e.g., Hunt & Einstein, 1981;Brown et al, 1991), this result implies that the multiple recall condition should produce greater recall than the single test condition, even if the final recall test follows shortly after the initial testing session.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Total retrieval time and hypermnesia: Investigating the benefits of multiple recall tests

Mulligan

2004

Psychological Research

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Hypermnesia is an increase in recall over repeated tests. A core issue is the role of repeated testing, per se, versus total retrieval time. Prior research implies an equivalence between multiple recall tests and a single test of equal total duration, but theoretical analyses indicate otherwise. Three experiments investigated this issue using various study materials (unrelated word lists, related word lists, and a short story). In the first experimental session, the study phase was followed by a series of short recall tests or by a single, long test of equal total duration. Two days later, participants took a final recall test. The multiple and single test conditions produced equivalent performance in the first session, but the multiple test group exhibited less forgetting and fewer item losses in the final test. In a fourth experiment, using a brief delay (15 min) between the recall sessions, the multiple recall condition produced greater hypermnesia as well as fewer item losses. In addition, final recall was significantly higher in the multiple than in the single test condition in three of the four experiments. Thus, single and repeated recall tests of equal total duration are not functionally equivalent, but rather produce differences observable in subsequent recall tests.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Total retrieval time and hypermnesia: Investigating the benefits of multiple recall tests

Mulligan

2004

Psychological Research

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“…Previous research on free recall has focused on semantic relations between list items (e.g., Brown, Conover, Flores, & Goodman, 1991;Cooke, Durso, & Schvaneveldt, 1986;Romney, Brewer, & Batchelder, 1993;see Shuell, 1969, for a review of the earlier literature) to the exclusion of association by contiguity. Some potential reasons for this were discussed in the introduction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associative retrieval processes in free recall

1996

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I present a new method for analyzing associative processes in free recall. Whileprevious research has emphasized the prominence of semantic organization, the present method illustrates the importance of association by contiguity. This is done by examining conditional response probabilities in the output sequence. For a given item recalled, I examine the probability and latency that it follows an item from a nearby or distant input position. These conditional probabilities and latencies, plotted as a function of the lag between studied items, reveal several regularities about output order in free recall. First, subjects tend to recall items more often and more rapidly from adjacent input positions than from remote input positions. Second, subjects are about twice as likely to recall adjacent pairs in the forward than in the backward direction and are significantly faster in doing so. These effects are observed at all positions in the output sequence. The asymmetry effect is theoretically significant because, in cued recall, nearly symmetric retrieval is found at all serial positions (Kahana, 1995;Murdock, 1962). An attempt is made to fit the search of associative memory model (Raaijmakers & Shiffrin, 1980 with and without symmetric interitem associations to these data. Other models of free recall are also discussed.The finding that subjects, when told to recall a list of items "in any order," recall categorically or associatively related items in neighboring output positions has provided a foundation for much of the organizational theorizing on human memory. One might even argue that it was these findings which caused a shift from the study of paired associate learning and serial recall in the 1950s and early 1960s to the study of free recall in the mid to late 1960s. Research on serial recall was long concerned with distinguishing theories of positional associations from chained associations (Harcum, 1975), whereas research on free recall focused on interitem similarity and context-to-item associations as the bases for retrieval (Shuell, 1969;Tulving, 1968).What happened to the idea that items studied for free recall are related by virtue of their contiguity? Asch and Ebenholz (1962) found that during free recall only 18% of the total number of sequential responses matched adjacent sequences oflist items in the forward order. They also found no significant difference in the overall number offorward and backward transitions (not necessarily adjacent).' On the basis of these findings, they concluded that "the order in which items were produced in free recall (which registered the course of acquisition) did not correspond notably to the order of earlier experience" (Asch & Ebenholz, 1962, p. 19).

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“…Activation in the SME might be driven by items that are subsequently clustered, a prediction supported by behavioral evidence showing that increased clustering correlates with high recall success (Sederberg et al, 2010). Alternatively, the SCE and SME may be independent and while clustering may correlate with probability of recall, both may be moderated by a third unknown variable (Brown et al, 1991). In this case, the SME might instead be driven by attentional mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Successful memory formation is driven by contextual encoding in the core memory network

Long

Kahana

2015

NeuroImage

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Clustering and recall: Do high clusterers recall more than low clusterers because of clustering?

Cited by 16 publications

References 37 publications

Total retrieval time and hypermnesia: Investigating the benefits of multiple recall tests

Total retrieval time and hypermnesia: Investigating the benefits of multiple recall tests

Associative retrieval processes in free recall

Successful memory formation is driven by contextual encoding in the core memory network

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