Clustering of Eye Fixations: A New Oculomotor Determinant of Reading Speed in Maculopathy

Calabrèse, Aurélie; Bernard, Jean-Baptiste; Faure, Géraldine; Hoffart, L.; Castet, Éric

doi:10.1167/iovs.16-19318

Cited by 20 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…More recently, nonuniformity of eye fixations (NUF) factor has been considered a new predictor of reading speed, it basically reflects increasing horizontal coordinates of eye fixations due to words difficult to identify. (12)(13)(14)(15)(16) Although it is no longer commercially available, Rodenstock SLO (Rodenstock GmBH, Munich, Germany) has been used in several studies to quantify fixation stability. (17)(18)(19)(20) Fixation stability determined with SLO appears to be poorer, and the estimation of bivariate normal distribution ellipse area represents a well-established way to describe normal fixation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microperimetric biofeedback training fundamentals strategies and perspectives

Fragiotta¹

2018

Front Biosci

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Microperimetric biofeedback training (MBFT) is a visual rehabilitative strategy based on fixation stability improvement reinforcing or creating a new preferential fixation locus. The rationale consists in reeducating visual system to a new visual condition, promoting retina-brain transmission, and thus cortical plasticity. The use of MBFT found is major application in visual diseases involving central vision, but later it revealed promising functional outcomes even in myopia, inherited retinal degenerations and nystagmus. However, the use of microperimetric biofeedback is still limited due to poor knowledge of the procedure and inconsistent standards of practice, and thus an incipient skepticism on its efficacy. This review provides an overview of the rationale, current implications, procedures and future perspectives of microperimetric biofeedback training.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microperimetric biofeedback training fundamentals strategies and perspectives

Fragiotta¹

2018

Front Biosci

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“…Readers with central vision impairment have a greater number of fixations and shorter fixation durations than normally sighted readers 47 , with fixations clustered around words that are difficult to read 48 . Such fixation clusters may, at least in part, be attributed to a word frequency effect 48 , where infrequent words trigger more fixations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Word Mode: a crowding-free reading protocol for individuals with macular disease

Wallis

Yang

Anderson

2018

Sci Rep

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Central retinal loss through macular disease markedly reduces the ability to read largely because identification of a word using peripheral vision is negatively influenced by nearby text, a phenomenon termed visual crowding. Here, we present a novel peripheral reading protocol, termed Word Mode, that eliminates crowding by presenting each word in isolation but in a position that mimics its natural position in the line of text being read, with each new word elicited using a self-paced button press. We used a gaze-contingent paradigm to simulate a central scotoma in four normally-sighted observers, and measured oral reading speed for text positioned 7.5° in the inferior field. Compared with reading whole sentences, our crowding-free protocol increased peripheral reading speeds by up to a factor of seven, resulted in significantly fewer reading errors and fixations per sentence, and reduced both the critical print size and the text size required for spot reading by 0.2–0.3 logMAR. We conclude that the level of reading efficiency afforded by the crowding-free reading protocol Word Mode may return reading as a viable activity to many individuals with macular disease.

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“…For instance, a smooth transition between the ROI and the ROAV might be used instead of an abrupt displacement, which could potentially reduce crowding [83]. Even higher-level modifications induced by automatic text simplification might also be envisaged [29,84,85]: thus, some complex words within an ROAV might be replaced by lower complexity synonyms. The possibilities offered by digital image processing combined with text processing (once OCR has been performed) are actually endless and should be guided by theoretical results concerning our knowledge of limiting factors in low vision reading [15].…”

Section: - Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A wide field of view is for instance important when patients make long backward saccades to re-read several words. In contrast, at some other instants, identification of some words might be so difficult that a high level of magnification is necessary [29]. It should be noted here that the need to alternate between global information and more local information does not imply that magnification should be applied to the whole image.…”

Section: - Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a gaze-controlled vision enhancement system for reading in visually impaired people

Aguilar¹,

Castet

2017

PLoS ONE

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People with low vision, especially those with Central Field Loss (CFL), need magnification to read. The flexibility of Electronic Vision Enhancement Systems (EVES) offers several ways of magnifying text. Due to the restricted field of view of EVES, the need for magnification is conflicting with the need to navigate through text (panning). We have developed and implemented a real-time gaze-controlled system whose goal is to optimize the possibility of magnifying a portion of text while maintaining global viewing of the other portions of the text (condition 1). Two other conditions were implemented that mimicked commercially available advanced systems known as CCTV (closed-circuit television systems)—conditions 2 and 3. In these two conditions, magnification was uniformly applied to the whole text without any possibility to specifically select a region of interest. The three conditions were implemented on the same computer to remove differences that might have been induced by dissimilar equipment. A gaze-contingent artificial 10° scotoma (a mask continuously displayed in real time on the screen at the gaze location) was used in the three conditions in order to simulate macular degeneration. Ten healthy subjects with a gaze-contingent scotoma read aloud sentences from a French newspaper in nine experimental one-hour sessions. Reading speed was measured and constituted the main dependent variable to compare the three conditions. All subjects were able to use condition 1 and they found it slightly more comfortable to use than condition 2 (and similar to condition 3). Importantly, reading speed results did not show any significant difference between the three systems. In addition, learning curves were similar in the three conditions. This proof of concept study suggests that the principles underlying the gaze-controlled enhanced system might be further developed and fruitfully incorporated in different kinds of EVES for low vision reading.

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Clustering of Eye Fixations: A New Oculomotor Determinant of Reading Speed in Maculopathy

Cited by 20 publications

References 92 publications

Microperimetric biofeedback training fundamentals strategies and perspectives

Microperimetric biofeedback training fundamentals strategies and perspectives

Word Mode: a crowding-free reading protocol for individuals with macular disease

Evaluation of a gaze-controlled vision enhancement system for reading in visually impaired people

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