Clustering of
            <i>Mycobacterium avium</i>
            subsp.
            <i>paratuberculosis</i>
            in Rabbits and the Environment: How Hot Is a Hot Spot?

Judge, Johanna; Kyriazakis, Ι.; Greig, Alastair; Allcroft, David J.; Hutchings, Michael R.

doi:10.1128/aem.71.10.6033-6038.2005

Cited by 39 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, the clustering of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates in field sites in the Tayside region of Scotland was found to be related to the distribution of rabbits and represented infection hot spots (36,37). …”

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confidence: 99%

Mycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisin Lake Catchments, in River Water Abstracted for Domestic Use, and in Effluent from Domestic Sewage Treatment Works: Diverse Opportunities for Environmental Cycling and Human Exposure

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et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

114

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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from infected animals enters surface waters and rivers in runoff from contaminated pastures. We studied the River Tywi in South Wales, United Kingdom, whose catchment comprises 1,100 km 2 containing more than a million dairy and beef cattle and more than 1.3 million sheep. The River Tywi is abstracted for the domestic water supply. Between August 2002 and April 2003, 48 of 70 (68.8%) twice-weekly river water samples tested positive by IS900 PCR. In river water, the organisms were associated with a suspended solid which was depleted by the water treatment process. Disposal of contaminated slurry back onto the land established a cycle of environmental persistence. A concentrate from 100 liters of finished water tested negative, but 1 of 54 domestic cold water tanks tested positive, indicating the potential for these pathogens to access domestic outlets. In the separate English Lake District region, with hills up to 980 m, tests for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the high hill lakes and sediments were usually negative, but streams and sediments became positive lower down the catchment. Sediments from 9 of 10 major lakes receiving inflow from these catchments were positive, with sediment cores indicating deposition over at least 40 to 50 years. Two of 12 monthly 1-liter samples of effluent and a single 100-liter sample from the Ambleside sewage treatment works were positive for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Since Lake Ambleside discharges into Lake Windermere, which is available for domestic supply, there is a potential for these organisms to cycle within human populations.

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confidence: 99%

Mycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisin Lake Catchments, in River Water Abstracted for Domestic Use, and in Effluent from Domestic Sewage Treatment Works: Diverse Opportunities for Environmental Cycling and Human Exposure

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Rhodes

Bull

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

114

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“…This bacterium can infect domestic ruminants, including cattle, sheep (27,37), and goats (54,55). Wildlife such as deer (22,32,33), antelope (9,14), bison (59), and rabbits (7,25) can also be colonized and may serve as a reservoir for this pathogen. Initial infection of young calves is followed by a lengthy subclinical stage of Johne's disease during which the animals are generally asymptomatic but may be shedding low numbers of organisms in feces or milk.…”

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confidence: 99%

Profiling Bovine Antibody Responses to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infection by Using Protein Arrays

et al. 2008

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With the genome sequence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis determined, technologies are now being developed for construction of protein arrays to detect the presence of antibodies against M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in host serum. The power of this approach is that it enables a direct comparison of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins to each other in relation to their immunostimulatory capabilities. In this study, 93 recombinant proteins, produced in Escherichia coli, were arrayed and spotted onto nitrocellulose. These proteins include unknown hypothetical proteins and cell surface proteins as well as proteins encoded by large sequence polymorphisms present uniquely in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Also included were previously reported or known M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens to serve as a frame of reference. Sera from healthy control cattle (n ‫؍‬ 3) and cattle infected with either M. avium subsp. avium and Mycobacterium bovis were exposed to the array to identify nonspecific or cross-reactive epitopes. These data demonstrated a degree of cross-reactivity with the M. avium subsp. avium proteins that was higher than the degree of cross-reactivity with the more distantly related M. bovis proteins. Finally, sera from naturally infected cattle (n ‫؍‬ 3) as well as cattle experimentally infected with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (n ‫؍‬ 3) were used to probe the array to identify antigens in the context of Johne's disease. Three membrane proteins were the most strongly detected in all serum samples, and they included an invasion protein, an ABC peptide transport permease, and a putative GTPase protein. This powerful combination of genomic information, molecular tools, and immunological assays has enabled the identification of previously unknown antigens of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis.

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“…Farmers also need to assure that the pastures are properly fenced so that the livestock are kept in the pastures, and predators and other wildlife that might share pathogens are kept out of the pastures. For example, wild ruminants and other wild non-ruminants (e.g., rabbits) can harbor and shed MAP [13,15,16]. The presence of deer on the farm has been associated with increased odds of being JD positive [79].…”

Section: Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MAP has been shown to infect a wide variety of domestic and wild ruminants such as cattle, sheep, goats, deer [13,14] and mouflons [13]. However, they have also been isolated from monogastric mammals such as rabbits [13,15,16] and hedgehogs [15], as well as from wild birds residing close to or on farm property [15].…”

Section: Etiology and Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Management Practices and Their Potential Influence on Johne’s Disease Transmission on Canadian Organic Dairy Farms—A Conceptual Analysis

et al. 2014

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Johne's disease (JD) is a chronic, production-limiting disease of ruminants. Control programs aiming to minimize the effects of the disease on the dairy industry have been launched in many countries, including Canada. Those programs commonly focus on strict hygiene and management improvement, often combined with various testing methods. Concurrently, organic dairy farming has been increasing in popularity. Because organic farming promotes traditional management practices, it has been proposed that organic dairy production regulations might interfere with implementation of JD control strategies. However, it is currently unclear how organic farming would change the risk for JD control. This review presents a brief introduction to organic dairy farming in Canada, JD, and the Canadian JD control programs. Subsequently, organic practices are described and hypotheses of their effects on JD transmission are developed. Empirical research is needed, not only to OPEN ACCESS Sustainability 2014, 6 8238 provide scientific evidence for organic producers, but also for smaller conventional farms employing organic-like management practices.

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Clustering of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Rabbits and the Environment: How Hot Is a Hot Spot?

Cited by 39 publications

References 30 publications

Mycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisin Lake Catchments, in River Water Abstracted for Domestic Use, and in Effluent from Domestic Sewage Treatment Works: Diverse Opportunities for Environmental Cycling and Human Exposure

Mycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisin Lake Catchments, in River Water Abstracted for Domestic Use, and in Effluent from Domestic Sewage Treatment Works: Diverse Opportunities for Environmental Cycling and Human Exposure

Profiling Bovine Antibody Responses to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infection by Using Protein Arrays

Management Practices and Their Potential Influence on Johne’s Disease Transmission on Canadian Organic Dairy Farms—A Conceptual Analysis

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