Clusters of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Their Impact on the 20-Year Cardiovascular Risk in a General Population

Abstract

Background Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) is extraordinarily common and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the particular impact of the sum of CVRFs on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality has not been sufficiently explored in Europe. Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in survival-free probability of CVD in relation to the number of CVRFs in a Spanish population. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted from 1992 to 2016 in a Spanish population that included 1144 subjects with no history of CVD (mean age, 46.7 years) drawn from the general population. We calculated the number of CVRFs for each subject (male sex, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and left ventricular hypertrophy). Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality records were collected, and survival analysis was applied (competing risk models). Results There were 196 cardiovascular events (17.1%). The differences in total survival-free probability of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of the different values of the sum of CVRFs were significant, increasing the risk of CVD (hazard ratio, 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.13–1.50) per each additional risk factor. Conclusion Differences in survival-free probability of CVD in relation to the number of CVRFs present were statistically significant. Further studies are needed to corroborate our results.

The effect of ALDH2 rs671 gene mutation on clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in a big data study of Chinese population: associations differ between the sexes

“…ALDH2 activation has also been found to be associated with improved mitochondrial function and the remodeling of ventricular function [14,15], and many studies have reported an association between ALDH2 and CVDs [1,2,5,13,15,16]. The most important known feature of the myocardial cardio-protective role of ALDH2 is the clearance of toxic aldehydes such as 4-hydroxynonenal and its adducts, which can be induced by acute oxidative stress upon cardiac ischemia or reperfusion [17][18][19].…”

Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Interval Training

“…Weight loss in obese people is a modifiable aspect that reduces other cardiovascular risk factors. 24 The level of adherence in both exercise groups was 95%, slightly higher than 93.1% reported after 8 weeks of MICT in overweight and obese adults, 25 and 12-week MIIT programs (91.7%). 26 No participants included in this study presented adverse effects or complications due to participation in this program.…”

“…A greater number of cardiovascular risk factors have been associated with a higher risk of total cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Weight loss in obese people is a modifiable aspect that reduces other cardiovascular risk factors 24 …”

Maternal Cardiovascular Health and Adverse Childbirth Outcomes in the United States

“…26,27 This clearly shows that individuals with 1 or more CVD risk factors are at increased risk for CVD morbidity and mortality for each additional CVD risk factor. 28 Nevertheless, hypertension was found to have the greatest likelihood for adverse childbirth outcomes, a finding that is amplified by most cohort, population-based, and randomized controlled trial studies. 29 This indicates the need for heightened antenatal surveillance of women with hypertension and other CVD risk factors to detect any adverse pregnancy complications and to improve CVH from preconception and throughout a woman's lifespan.…”