2020
DOI: 10.3201/eid2609.202272
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Clusters of Coronavirus Disease in Communities, Japan, January–April 2020

Abstract: C oronavirus disease (COVID-19) typically causes febrile illness with respiratory symptoms (1,2), and many countries worldwide have been affected. Before characterizing COVID-19 as a pandemic in March 2020 (3), the World Health Organization advised countries to take measures to reduce spread of the virus, including identifying cases and clusters, isolating patients, tracing contacts, and preventing community transmission (4). Several countries have reported on the characteristics of a small number of clusters … Show more

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Cited by 228 publications
(225 citation statements)
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“…Since March 2020, the median age of all confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases which were reported to the Robert Koch-Institute changed to 48 years in July 26, 2020 9 . Low age at infection is one of the most important factors that prevents COVID-19 deaths 2 homes 13 , only about 15% of SARS-CoV-2 infections were acquired by typically more vulnerable and elderly patients in hospitals or nursing homes up to the end of the first SARS-CoV-2 pandemic wave in Germany. 14 Second, the daily mean number of social contacts defined as either skin-to-skin contact (kiss or handshake) or a two-way conversation with three or more words in the physical presence of another person was considerably lower in Germany (8 •0) than in any other country that was included in this study.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Since March 2020, the median age of all confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases which were reported to the Robert Koch-Institute changed to 48 years in July 26, 2020 9 . Low age at infection is one of the most important factors that prevents COVID-19 deaths 2 homes 13 , only about 15% of SARS-CoV-2 infections were acquired by typically more vulnerable and elderly patients in hospitals or nursing homes up to the end of the first SARS-CoV-2 pandemic wave in Germany. 14 Second, the daily mean number of social contacts defined as either skin-to-skin contact (kiss or handshake) or a two-way conversation with three or more words in the physical presence of another person was considerably lower in Germany (8 •0) than in any other country that was included in this study.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Their role in the propagation of long cascades like that in entertainment setting would require further investigations. The Japanese Government advised the population to avoid the “Three Cs”: closed spaces with poor ventilation, crowded places, and close-contact settings [23] . Such characteristics were common for entertainments in Hong Kong, which led to larger scale (multiple non-primary settings) of spread and longer cascades.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The routes of transmission in this study were assessed by local public health centres through tracing close contacts as a part of active surveillance. 4 Table 2 shows the transmission of COVID-19 among students and teachers in Japanese elementary and junior high schools from 1 June to 31 July 2020. A total of 207 COVID-19 cases were reported among students.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%