CMOS-compatible biosensor for L-carnitine detection

Biosensing based on field-effect transistors (FET): Recent progress and challenges

“… Application Target RE Linker Surface Sensor Readout LOD Sample Ref. Direct protein sensing beyond the debye length limit Streptavidin Biotin Magnetic beads Ta 2 O 5 /SiO 2 ISFET Off-chip 2.3 μM Buffer solution [ 166 ] Screening disorders in fatty acid oxidation L-carnitine Carnitine acetyltransferase APTES GA Ta 2 O 5 ISFET Off-chip 0.2 μM Artificial urine [ 167 ] FSH detection Sialic acids Boronic acid SB-ester NaIO 4 SiNW FET Off-chip 0.72 fM 1.1 fM Buffer solution (PBS) and 20% serum solution [ 165 ] Phosphate detection Phosphate Pyruvate oxidase ZnO NRs Si/SiO 2 FET Off-chip 0.5 μM Buffer solution (HEPES) [ 168 ] Thyroid diagnosis hTSH Anti-hTSH APTES GA SiNW/SiO 2 CMOS-compatible SiNWFET Off-chip 0.11 pM Buffer solution (PBS) [ 169 ] Lead and potassium ions detection K + and Pb2 + TBA MB Si/SiO 2 /graphene FET-like Off-chip 100 μM - 10 μM Standard sample [ ...…”

Application of Microfluidics in Biosensors

“…The most commonly adopted physiological fluids of human beings/animals are blood, which has to be collected in an invasive way, and fluids that can be collected in a noninvasive way, e.g., sweat, saliva, tears, and urine, can be used in the prediction and diagnosis of various diseases [75][76][77]. Comparing with other physiological fluids, saliva is the outstanding fluid with the advantages of easy accessing and large volume, but with a major disadvantage of large range of variability in components and concentrations depending on the extent of oral cleanliness; examples that have been experimentally verified are using human saliva for the detection of cytokine [78], dopamine [51], insulin [79], fetuin [80], bacterial load [81], cholesterol [25], and cortisol [82]; using tear for the detection of dopamine [83], proteomic, lipidomic, and metabolomic composition [77]; using sweat for the detection of cytokine [84] and proteomic [76]; and using urine for the detection of anticancer drugs [85], L-carnitine [86], Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae [87]. Samples of sweat and tear have been significantly undeveloped until quite recent when flexible materials and flexible electronic techniques achieved some milestones [4].…”

Advances in Microfluidic Technologies for Energy and Environmental Applications

“…The most commonly adopted physiological fluids of human beings/animals are blood, which has to be collected in an invasive way, and fluids that can be collected in a noninvasive way, e.g., sweat, saliva, tears, and urine, can be used in the prediction and diagnosis of various diseases [75][76][77]. Comparing with other physiological fluids, saliva is the outstanding fluid with the advantages of easy accessing and large volume, but with a major disadvantage of large range of variability in components and concentrations depending on the extent of oral cleanliness; examples that have been experimentally verified are using human saliva for the detection of cytokine [78], dopamine [51], insulin [79], fetuin [80], bacterial load [81], cholesterol [25], and cortisol [82]; using tear for the detection of dopamine [83], proteomic, lipidomic, and metabolomic composition [77]; using sweat for the detection of cytokine [84] and proteomic [76]; and using urine for the detection of anticancer drugs [85], L-carnitine [86], Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae [87]. Samples of sweat and tear have been significantly undeveloped until quite recent when flexible materials and flexible electronic techniques achieved some milestones [4].…”