Co-administration of saponin quil A and PRRSV-1 modified-live virus vaccine up-regulates gene expression of type I interferon-regulated gene, type I and II interferon, and inflammatory cytokines and reduces viremia in response to PRRSV-2 challenge

Charerntantanakul, Wasin; Pongjaroenkit, Saengtong

doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.10.005

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Common responses to immune challenges include increased pro-inflammatory cytokine activity, such as interleukins (IL-1, IL-2, IL-12, IL-17, IL-18), interferon (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), an increase in the production of acute phase proteins, and leukocyte proliferation [ 16 ]. These responses generate consequences such as fever [ 16 , 87 , 243 – 254 ], diarrhea [ 34 , 244 , 253 , 255 – 259 ], dyspnea [ 249 , 260 – 269 ], spontaneous abortions, and reductions in animal performance parameters (i.e., growth, feed intake, and body conditions) [ 147 , 268 , 270 – 279 ]. The observation of these consequences or symptoms can provide an idea of the magnitude of the immunologic challenge, but it cannot provide an ultimate diagnosis of immune function [ 269 , 280 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic review of animal-based indicators to measure thermal, social, and immune-related stress in pigs

et al. 2022

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The intense nature of pig production has increased the animals’ exposure to stressful conditions, which may be detrimental to their welfare and productivity. Some of the most common sources of stress in pigs are extreme thermal conditions (thermal stress), density and mixing during housing (social stress), or exposure to pathogens and other microorganisms that may challenge their immune system (immune-related stress). The stress response can be monitored based on the animals’ coping mechanisms, as a result of specific environmental, social, and health conditions. These animal-based indicators may support decision making to maintain animal welfare and productivity. The present study aimed to systematically review animal-based indicators of social, thermal, and immune-related stresses in farmed pigs, and the methods used to monitor them. Peer-reviewed scientific literature related to pig production was collected using three online search engines: ScienceDirect, Scopus, and PubMed. The manuscripts selected were grouped based on the indicators measured during the study. According to our results, body temperature measured with a rectal thermometer was the most commonly utilized method for the evaluation of thermal stress in pigs (87.62%), as described in 144 studies. Of the 197 studies that evaluated social stress, aggressive behavior was the most frequently-used indicator (81.81%). Of the 535 publications examined regarding immune-related stress, cytokine concentration in blood samples was the most widely used indicator (80.1%). Information about the methods used to measure animal-based indicators is discussed in terms of validity, reliability, and feasibility. Additionally, the introduction and wide spreading of alternative, less invasive methods with which to measure animal-based indicators, such as cortisol in saliva, skin temperature and respiratory rate via infrared thermography, and various animal welfare threats via vocalization analysis are highlighted. The information reviewed was used to discuss the feasible and most reliable methods with which to monitor the impact of relevant stressors commonly presented by intense production systems on the welfare of farmed pigs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic review of animal-based indicators to measure thermal, social, and immune-related stress in pigs

et al. 2022

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“…PRRSV-specific total and neutralizing Ab (nAb) were determined by ELISA (IDEXX PRRS X3 Ab Test, IDEXX Laboratories) and serum virus neutralization (SVN) test, respectively ( 28 ). HP-PRRSV-2 (10 2 TCID 50 ) was used as an in vitro Ag for SVN test.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Real-time PCR was carried out in a 20-µl volume, consisting of 2 µl of cDNA, 10 µl of SYBR ® Green PCR master mix (Toyobo), and 400 nM each of primer ORF7 149F and ORF7 346R ( 28 ). All reactions were set up in duplicate.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oral Supplementation of Houttuynia cordata Extract Reduces Viremia in PRRSV-1 Modified-Live Virus-Vaccinated Pigs in Response to the HP-PRRSV-2 Challenge

Ruansit

Charerntantanakul

2022

Front. Immunol.

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This study evaluated the in vitro antiviral activities and the ex vivo immunomodulatory effects of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (HC) ethanolic extracts in response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). In addition, this study evaluated the in vivo effects of oral supplementation of HC extract on immune responses to and cross-protective efficacy of PRRSV-1 modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine against the highly pathogenic (HP)-PRRSV-2 challenge. In vitro experiments demonstrated that HC extracted in either 50%, 70%, or 95% ethanol (referred to as HC50, HC70, and HC95, respectively) significantly interfered with PRRSV replication in MARC-145 cells. Ex vivo experiments revealed that all HC extracts significantly enhanced mRNA expressions of type I interferon-regulated genes, type I and II interferon (IFN), and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in HP-PRRSV-2-inoculated monocyte-derived macrophages. An in vivo experiment included four groups of six pigs (4 weeks old; n = 24). Group 1 and group 2 were vaccinated with the PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine at 0 dpv (day post vaccination). Group 2 also received oral administration of HC50 extract at 0–49 dpv. Group 3 received the PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine solvent at 0 dpv, while group 4 served as strict control. Groups 1–3 were challenged intranasally with HP-PRRSV-2 at 28 dpv and immune-related and clinical parameters were monitored weekly until 49 dpv. Compared to group 1, group 2 demonstrated significantly increased IFN regulatory factor 3 mRNA expression of PRRSV-recalled peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and significantly reduced HP-PRRSV-2 viremia. No difference in PRRSV-specific antibody responses, rectal temperature, clinical scores, and average daily weight gain was detected. Our study reports the immunomodulatory and anti-PRRSV potentials of HC extract in PRRSV-1 MLV-vaccinated/HP-PRRSV-2 challenged pigs.

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“…To improve the heterologous protection efficacy, some immune boosters or regulators, such as quercetin and Quil A, which are regarded to be able to upgrade the mRNA expression of interferon and many other helpful cytokines, were orally taken or injected together with PRRS MLV. However, any significant improvement in heterologous cross-protection was not observed [123,124]. Some typical vaccination-challenge (homologous or/and heterologous) studies on different types of MLV are summarized in Table 2.…”

Section: Heterologous Cross-protectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Modified Live Virus Vaccine: A “Leaky” Vaccine with Debatable Efficacy and Safety

Zhou

Yang

2021

Vaccines

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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically important diseases, that has significantly impacted the global pork industry for over three decades, since it was first recognized in the United States in the late 1980s. Attributed to the PRRSV extensive genetic and antigenic variation and rapid mutability and evolution, nearly worldwide epidemics have been sustained by a set of emerging and re-emerging virus strains. Since the first modified live virus (MLV) vaccine was commercially available, it has been widely used for more than 20 years, for preventing and controlling PRRS. On the one hand, MLV can induce a protective immune response against homologous viruses by lightening the clinical signs of pigs and reducing the virus transmission in the affected herd, as well as helping to cost-effectively increase the production performance on pig farms affected by heterologous viruses. On the other hand, MLV can still replicate in the host, inducing viremia and virus shedding, and it fails to confer sterilizing immunity against PRRSV infection, that may accelerate viral mutation or recombination to adapt the host and to escape from the immune response, raising the risk of reversion to virulence. The unsatisfied heterologous cross-protection and safety issue of MLV are two debatable characterizations, which raise the concerns that whether it is necessary or valuable to use this leaky vaccine to protect the field viruses with a high probability of being heterologous. To provide better insights into the immune protection and safety related to MLV, recent advances and opinions on PRRSV attenuation, protection efficacy, immunosuppression, recombination, and reversion to virulence are reviewed here, hoping to give a more comprehensive recognition on MLV and to motivate scientific inspiration on novel strategies and approaches of developing the next generation of PRRS vaccine.

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Co-administration of saponin quil A and PRRSV-1 modified-live virus vaccine up-regulates gene expression of type I interferon-regulated gene, type I and II interferon, and inflammatory cytokines and reduces viremia in response to PRRSV-2 challenge

Cited by 12 publications

References 75 publications

Systematic review of animal-based indicators to measure thermal, social, and immune-related stress in pigs

Systematic review of animal-based indicators to measure thermal, social, and immune-related stress in pigs

Oral Supplementation of Houttuynia cordata Extract Reduces Viremia in PRRSV-1 Modified-Live Virus-Vaccinated Pigs in Response to the HP-PRRSV-2 Challenge

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Modified Live Virus Vaccine: A “Leaky” Vaccine with Debatable Efficacy and Safety

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