Co-administration of toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 agonist Poly I:C with different infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccines improves IBD specific immune response in chicken

Abstract

Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are emerging as promising vaccine adjuvants and immunomodulators in poultry against many diseases. Infectious bursa disease (IBD) still remains as a major threat in poultry industry. Improving the vaccine mediated immune response would help in better protection against IBD virus infection. Adjuvant potential of TLR3 agonist, Poly I:C with different IBD vaccines has been analyzed in chicken in the present study. Intermediate, intermediate plus IBD vaccine, bursaplex vaccine and their respective poly I:C combinations were used for immunization of chicken. IBD speci c antibody titre, bursa to body weight ratio, body weight gain and bursal lesion scores were evaluated at weekly interval in different immunization groups. Fold changes in cytokines IL-1β and IFN-γ mRNA expression levels were also analyzed in different groups. Intermediate IBD plus vaccine induced signi cantly (P≤0.05) higher IBD speci c antibody response at 35 days of age than other groups with comparatively lower body weight gain and moderate bursal lesion score. Poly I:C co-administration with intermediate IBD vaccine and bursaplex vaccine improved the IBD speci c antibody titres, better body weight gain and moderately less bursal lesion score. However, Poly I:C combination with intermediate plus IBD vaccine did not improve the speci c immune response. IL-1β levels were up-regulated in intermediate plus and bursaplex group, whereas IFN-γ m RNA expression levels were upregulated in intermediate IBD with Poly IC group. In conclusion, poly I:C co-administration with intermediate IBD and bursaplex vaccine was bene cial and improved the speci c immune response with least immunosuppression and bursal damage.

ADAMTS13 or Caplacizumab Reduces the Accumulation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Thrombus in Whole Blood of COVID-19 Patients under Flow

“…The remaining neutrophils in the whole blood lack the response toward an external challenge, such as shigatoxin-2 that activates the nitrogen oxide (NOX)-dependent pathway 71 72 or poly [I:C] that activates the toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 pathway. 73 74 75 A similar phenomenon of reduced NETosis reserve or inducible NETosis was reported in patients with sepsis in whom the neutrophils did not respond to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulation 15 and in patients with immune TTP in whom the inducible NETosis is significantly diminished during acute episode and restored following disease remission. 76 Support for this novel hypothesis also comes from significantly elevated plasma levels of soluble NET fragments (e.g., histone–DNA complexes and cfDNA) in patients with severe and critical COVID-19, although cfDNA is found to be a less specific marker for NETs.…”

“…We show that a significant number of neutrophils in patients with severe/critical COVID-19 patients undergo NETosis with many neutrophils being somewhat consumed. The remaining neutrophils in the whole blood lack the response towards an external challenge, such as shigatoxin-2 that activates the nitrogen oxides (NOX)-dependent pathway (73,74) or poly [I:C] that activates the toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 pathway (75)(76)(77).…”

Evaluation of the Relationships between Intestinal Regional Lymph Nodes and Immune Responses in Viral Infections in Children

“…Poly(I:C), which is a synthetic analogue of double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) mimicking viral RNA and designed to simulate viral infections [ 38 ], was added to each cell type at a concentration of 0, 10, 100, 1000, or 10,000 ng/mL during cell culture. IFNβ was quantified by ELISA after 24 h.…”

Cytokines, Serological, and Histopathological Assessment of Recombinant Vaccination Strategies for Combatting Infectious Bursal Disease in Broiler Chickens

“…Given the economic importance of IBD and its widespread prevalence, vaccination has remained a crucial tool for control [ 6 ]. The most used vaccines to control IBD during the last decade included live attenuated vaccines [ 7 ]. Commercially available live attenuated vaccines come in various forms, classified according to their level of attenuation as “mild”, “intermediate”, “intermediate plus”, or “virulent” IBD vaccines [ 8 ].…”