“…To address the problem of large data volumes, researchers such as Paun et al [ 30 ] proposed the famous SlopeOne algorithm, which simplifies the regression function in collaborative filtering, significantly reducing the calculation time and storage requirements while achieving a recommendation effect equal to or even better than the collaborative filtering algorithm. Kataria & Batra [ 31 ] studied the co-clustering method, simultaneously clustering users and items, reducing computational complexity by looking for neighbors.…”