Co-Creation of Knowledge for Ecosystem Services Approach to Spatial Planning in the Basque Country

Abstract

<jats:p>Sustainable development has to be based on scientific knowledge, social agreements, and political decisions. This study aimed to analyse the implementation of the ecosystem services approach (ESA) in the spatial planning of the Basque Country, via the co-creation of knowledge. This paper uses a proposal for a regional green infrastructure (GI) to examine the co-creation of knowledge process. It addresses the community of practice; a process of co-creation of knowledge through workshops and meeting, SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis using an online survey, and mapping and identification of the multifunctional areas that provide ecosystem services (ES) to develop a GI. Results indicate that ESA has been included in spatial planning actions at different scales (biosphere reserve, metropolitan area, and region). This subsequently created an avenue for understanding the political necessities at play, so that scientists can develop useful tools for sustainable development. The findings also draw attention to the importance of establishing a constructive and mutually comprehensible dialogue between politicians, technical experts and scientists. For ES to be part of spatial planning, ESA has to be taken into account at the beginning of the planning process. We conclude that building bridges between science and spatial planning can help establish science-based management guidelines and tools that help enhance the sustainability of the territory.</jats:p>

Ecosystem Services for Planning: A Generic Recommendation or a Real Framework? Insights from a Literature Review

“…Although generally speaking, the language of ESs is hard to understand and difficult to adapt to public discourse-as highlighted in the survey developed by Peña et al [24]various articles argue for the potential added value of ESs "to improve stakeholder engagement" [43], "to simplify and better understand the nature of a geographic phenomenon" [44], and "for informing, communicating and facilitating consensus building among different actors because it provides a basis for multi-sectoral and interdisciplinary collaboration" [45].…”

“…Combining the planning type with the category of ESs assessed in the articles brings to light certain considerations (Figure 5). First of all, it is possible to argue that the multifunctional evaluation of ESs is now a consolidated common approach to all planning types (among the many: [24,41,52,67]). The papers dedicated to evaluating a single category of ESs are now limited in number (five, e.g., [68,69]) which often investigate multiple types of ESs belonging to the same category.…”

“…The limits of ESs integration into planning have been acknowledged on many occasions by multiple authors: some argue that there is a lack of guidance on how ESs could inform decisions, as well as at what point in the planning process the ESs concept should be applied (e.g., [15,21]). Others claim that the ESs concept is not clear or widely understood enough amongst planning practitioners, resulting in a low level of engagement from the key stakeholders in developing these policies (e.g., [21,23,24]). Indeed, yet others say that implicit references to ESs can be only found where plans refer to the benefits provided by nature (e.g., [1,25,26]).…”

“…A second article focuses on the Basque Country, where a proposal for a regional GI was formulated by identifying the multifunctional areas that provide ESs; an ESs assessment was developed and taken into account at the beginning of the planning process, in part as a way of gradually introducing the technical and specific terms involved, thus facilitating a shared language in order to encourage "science-based decision-making/management" [24].…”

Pendidikan Konservasi Untuk Generasi Z Kelurahan Kleak Kota Manado Tentang Pentingnya Keanekaragaman Hayati

“…Membangun resiliensi sosial dalam memanfaatkan sambil menjaga kelestarian lingkungan adalah salah satu faktor penting untuk pengelolaan lingkungan berkelanjutan (Peña et al, 2020). Salah satunya dengan meningkatkan pemahaman dan kecintaan masyarakat terhadap keanekaragaman hayati agar meningkatkan motivasi mereka untuk mengelolanya secara berkelanjutan (Saroinsong dan Kalangi, 2018;Saroinsong dan Nurmawan, 2019).…”