“…Therefore, novel anticancer strategies should include immunomodulatory approaches to subvert the tolerance to Nevertheless, a deep understanding of the tumor microenvironment is obligatory to overcome the related obstacles, as the entry and retention of NPs into the tumors, their fate and functionality as well as the challenging clinical translation in humans due to individual differences among patients, and tumors' heterogeneity [46]. Currently, most of the nanostrategies to enhance radiotherapeutic effects relies on the combination with chemotherapeutic agents [47,48], with several clinical trials ongoing [49]; anti-vascular agents [50]; radiosensitizers such as camptothecin [51], DNA repair inhibitors [52] and Pi3K inhibitors [53], which are generally very toxic when delivered systemically in their free forms. Also, the use of inorganic NPs as radiosensitizers has been extensively reported [54,55], despite remaining a challenge for clinical translation.…”