“…None of the studies included the participants as “listeners,” whereas 16 studies featured participants in the role of a “cothinker” [ 43 , 44 , 46 - 49 , 51 , 54 , 55 , 57 , 61 , 62 , 65 , 66 , 69 , 71 ], providing their opinions on ideas or evaluating test sessions of innovations developed by the researchers. In addition, participants served as “advisers” in 11 studies, offering solicited or unsolicited feedback to researchers and designers [ 14 , 52 , 53 , 56 , 59 , 60 , 63 , 64 , 68 , 70 , 73 ]. In 6 studies, participants functioned as equal “partners” with researchers and designers [ 6 , 45 , 50 , 58 , 67 , 72 ].…”