Co-evolution of the outer surface protein C gene (ospC) and intraspecific lineages of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in the northeastern United States

Attie, Oliver; Bruno, John F.; Xu, Yun; Qiu, Dan; Luft, Benjamin J.; Qiu, Wang

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2006.02.008

Cited by 42 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Taken together, the present and previous studies (Bunikis et al, 2004;Qiu et al, 2004;Attie et al, 2007) show that even though Borrelia sp. seems to be capable of genome-wide recombination, the genetic structure is to a large extent clonal as a result of epidemic spread of certain haplotypes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

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The genetic structure of Borrelia afzelii varies with geographic but not ecological sampling scale

Hellgren

Andersson

Råberg

2010

Journal of Evolutionary Biology

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The genetic structure of a pathogen is an important determinant of its potential rate of adaptation and can thereby influence the dynamics of host–parasite interactions. We investigated how the genetic structure of Borrelia afzelii varies with geographic and ecological sampling scale. Genetic structure was measured as the degree of linkage disequilibrium (LD) across three loci. To test for the effects of geographic and ecological scale, we calculated LD across or within populations 4–82 km apart and across or within different mammal host species. There was highly significant LD across populations and host species. However, there was also evidence for genome‐wide recombination, and the LD largely resulted from epidemic spread of certain haplotypes, rather than lack of recombination. Interestingly, the degree of LD was higher in each population than in the sample as a whole, i.e. LD increased with decreasing geographic scale. In contrast, there was no effect of ecological sampling scale on LD. Strong LD may impede the rate of adaptive evolution. Our results suggest this effect might be particularly strong at a small geographic scale.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Several studies have found strong linkage between ospC and other loci on other plasmids as well as on the chromosome, showing that B. burgdorferi ss is highly clonal (Dykhuizen & Baranton, 2001;Qiu et al, 2004;Attie et al, 2007;Hanincova et al, 2008;Margos et al, 2008). However, there is also strong evidence that recombination occurs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The genetic structure of Borrelia afzelii varies with geographic but not ecological sampling scale

Hellgren

Andersson

Råberg

2010

Journal of Evolutionary Biology

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“…This is similar to the finding that the locations of important virulence factor-encoding genes, such as dbpA-dbpB, ospA-ospB, and ospC, are conserved in particular genome segments, even though sizes may be somewhat different due to genetic rearrangements, especially on the outer edges of the linear plasmids. Gene duplication followed by rearrangement and mutations appear to have resulted in the evolution and antigenic variation of a number of B. burgdorferi virulence factors and other proteins (4,28,43,62,82,97,109,110). Often, duplicated genes that encode functionally redundant proteins that exhibit overlapping roles are present in the same operon, with each protein demonstrating altered specificities for host cell factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Established Virulence Genes and Plasmids To Differentiate Borrelia burgdorferi Strains

2012

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ABSTRACTBorrelia burgdorferisensu stricto is the major causative agent of Lyme disease in the United States, whileB. gariniiandB. afzeliiare more prevalent in Europe. The highly complex genome ofB. burgdorferiis comprised of a linear chromosome and a large number of variably sized linear and circular plasmids. Many plasmids of this spirochete are unstable during its culturein vitro. Given that many of theB. burgdorferivirulence factors identified to date are plasmid encoded, spirochetal plasmid content determination is essential for genetic analysis of Lyme pathogenesis. Although PCR-based assays facilitate plasmid profiling of sequencedB. burgdorferistrains, a rapid genetic content determination strategy for nonsequenced strains has not yet been described. In this study, we combined pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and Southern hybridization for detection of genes encoding known virulence factors,ribosomal RNA genespacer restriction fragment length polymorphismtypes (RSTs),ospCgroup determination, and sequencing of the variabledbpAandospCgenes. We show that two strains isolated from the same tick and both originally named N40 are in fact very distinct. Furthermore, we failed to detectbbk32, which encodes a fibronectin-binding adhesin, in one “N40” strain. Thus, two distinct strains that show different plasmid profiles, as determined by PFGE and PCR, were isolated from the same tick and vary in theirospCanddbpAsequences. However, both belong to group RST3B.

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“…There are multiple variants of B. burgdorferi (1,7,15,20,21), the causative agent, but questions remain about how their variation correlates with different clinical manifestations. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) can orient approaches to diagnostics and vaccines and help avoid potential host cross-reactivity.…”

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confidence: 99%

Whole-Genome Sequences of Thirteen Isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi

et al. 2011

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Borrelia burgdorferi is a causative agent of Lyme disease in North America and Eurasia. The first complete genome sequence of B. burgdorferi strain 31, available for more than a decade, has assisted research on the pathogenesis of Lyme disease. Because a single genome sequence is not sufficient to understand the relationship between genotypic and geographic variation and disease phenotype, we determined the whole-genome sequences of 13 additional B. burgdorferi isolates that span the range of natural variation. These sequences should allow improved understanding of pathogenesis and provide a foundation for novel detection, diagnosis, and prevention strategies.Lyme disease is the most frequent tick-borne disease in North America and Europe (3,16,17). There are multiple variants of B. burgdorferi (1,7,15,20,21), the causative agent, but questions remain about how their variation correlates with different clinical manifestations. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) can orient approaches to diagnostics and vaccines and help avoid potential host cross-reactivity. Improved diagnostics are needed because the best clinical sign, the erythema migrans skin rash, does not always occur. Diagnostic assays and vaccines (18) have been less than satisfactory. However, these were developed before WGS of microbes and the human genome. This project was stimulated by the initial finding of genotypes of B. burgdorferi associated with invasiveness/dissemination (15). This has been substantiated (7, 21).The sequencing of strain B31 (6, 8) has accelerated progress in Lyme disease research. We sequenced 13 additional isolates, chosen to cover a large fraction of the genetic and geographic diversity and obtained from humans and other natural hosts (Table 1).These genomes were sequenced by the random shotgun method as described previously, using Sanger DNA sequencing to an estimated 8-fold coverage (12). Approximately 10,000 and 6,000 successful reads for the small and medium insert plasmid libraries, respectively, were sequenced, representing a total of about 14 Mbp of sequencing data for each. All plasmids were sequenced to closure unless noted otherwise (see Table S1 in the supplemental material). Genome annotation was performed using the JCVI Prokaryotic Annotation Pipeline (www.jcvi.org/cms /research/projects/prokaryotic-annotation-pipeline/overview/).The B31 sequence showed that B. burgdorferi has many more replicons (DNA molecules) than other bacteria. Besides its 910-kbp linear chromosome, strain B31 has been shown to have 12 linear and 10 circular plasmids (5), expanding observations (2, 10) indicating that Borrelia bacteria universally harbor numerous plasmids, many essential for survival of the bacteria in mice and/or ticks (4). The newly sequenced genomes contain a total of 17,084,900 bp, averaging 1,314,223 bp/genome. Each strain carried between 13 and 21 plasmids (239 plasmids were sequenced, about half predicted to be linear replicons). At least 9 new plasmid types not in B31 were identified. Many plasmids underwent substantial r...

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Co-evolution of the outer surface protein C gene (ospC) and intraspecific lineages of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in the northeastern United States

Cited by 42 publications

References 67 publications

The genetic structure of Borrelia afzelii varies with geographic but not ecological sampling scale

The genetic structure of Borrelia afzelii varies with geographic but not ecological sampling scale

Detection of Established Virulence Genes and Plasmids To Differentiate Borrelia burgdorferi Strains

Whole-Genome Sequences of Thirteen Isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi

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