Co-exposure of Monensin Increased the Risks of Atrazine to Earthworms

Abstract

Antibiotics could enter farmlands through sewage irrigation or manure application, causing combined pollution with pesticides. Antibiotics may affect the environmental fate of pesticides and even increase their bioavailability. In this study, the influence of monensin on the degradation, toxicity, and availability of atrazine in soil-earthworm microcosms was investigated. Monensin inhibited the degradation of atrazine, changed the metabolite patterns in soil, and increased the bioavailability of atrazine in earthworms. Atrazine and monensin had a significant synergistic effect on earthworms in the acute toxic test. In long-term toxicity tests, co-exposure of atrazine and monensin also led to worse effects on earthworms including oxidative stress, energy metabolism disruption, and cocoon production compared to single exposure. The expression of tight junction proteins was down-regulated significantly by monensin, indicating that the intestinal barrier of earthworms was weakened, possibly causing the increased bioavailability of atrazine. The expressions of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and reproductive and ontogenetic factors (ANN, TCTP) were all downregulated in binary exposure, indicating that the resilience and cocoon production of earthworms were further weakened under combined pollution. Monensin disturbed the energy metabolism and weakened the intestinal barrier of earthworms. These results showed that monensin increased the risks of atrazine in agricultural areas.

Novel Insights into Stereoselective Reproductive Toxicity Induced by Mefentrifluconazole in Earthworms (Eisenia fetida): First Report of Estrogenic Effects

“…Similar to our study, reduced cocoon production and downregulation of Ann genes in earthworms have been widely reported after pollutant exposure. − ,, Interestingly, Lin et al found that an artificial sweetener, acesulfame (10 mg/kg), induced an increase in cocoon production in E. fetida.…”

“…These preliminary indications suggest that S-(+)-MFZ is more reproductively toxic than R-(−)-MFZ. Furthermore, key genes Ann associated with earthworm reproduction were characterized . Rac, R-(−), and S-(+) groups downregulated expression by 33.3, 57.0, and 71.7%, respectively, compared with the control group (Figure C).…”

“…Earthworms are one of the largest biomass groups of soil organisms and have an important influence on soil structure, nutrient cycling, and plant growth. , The reproductive health of earthworms will directly affect their abundance and population stability in soil ecosystems and is important for maintaining healthy and sustainable soil ecosystems. Reproductive toxicity of some environmental pollutants to earthworms has been reported, and recordings of cocoon production and juvenile counts are currently the most commonly used monitoring indicators. − Histopathological damage to earthworm reproductive organs is also a sensitive phenotype for contaminant effects. − Annetocin (Ann), an oxytocin-related peptide isolated from earthworms (Eisenia fetida), has been linked to egg-laying behaviors . In some studies, exposure to pollutants resulted in reduced cocoon production in earthworms along with downregulated expression of the Ann gene. ,, However, although these reports provide direct or indirect evidence that pollutants cause reproductive toxicity in earthworms, an exploration of the underlying mechanisms is still lacking.…”

Physiological Responses of Methanosarcina barkeri under Ammonia Stress at the Molecular Level: The Unignorable Lipid Reprogramming

“…Lipid molecules play indispensable roles in cells, − especially, serving as the “building blocks” of the cell membrane to establish the critical barrier between the cell and outer environment for maintaining normal cellular function. , The growing reports indicated that exposure to environmental pollutants would perturb lipid homeostasis, which was the vital factor for impairing the cytoarchitecture and causing cellular dysfunction. − For example, previous publications revealed that the lipid peroxidation in cells exposed to exogenous substances such as nanomaterials induced the disruption of the cytomembrane and the loss of cell viability . Also, Shanta et al have linked the lipid fluctuations in microalga cells (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) triggered by herbicides with the cytotoxic effects of herbicides on C.…”

Exogenous Melatonin Alleviates Atrazine-Induced Glucose Metabolism Disorders in Mice Liver via Suppressing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

“…In accordance with previous studies, ATZ is toxic to several organisms, with ecotoxicity studies involving hydrobios, earthworms, algae, and others. 31,32 Pesticides ingested into organisms are metabolized by the liver, which is the main metabolic organ, and lead to various hepatic disorders. Apoptosis and alterations in metabolite composition of liver cells of mice induced by ATZ have been reported.…”