Co-HTL of domestic sewage sludge and wastewater treatment derived microalgal biomass – An integrated biorefinery approach for sustainable biocrude production
“…When only liquid products were considered, tobacco processing residues hydrothermally decomposed to generate LBO and WS fractions at a low temperature and generate more of the HBO fraction at higher temperatures. An extended residence time did not increase either of the biocrude oil yields, but caused the depolymerization of the light WS components, lowering the liquid yields (Aierzhati et al 2019 ; Mishra and Mohanty 2020 ). Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The energy recovery ( ) of the products was calculated from Eq. 4 (Mishra and Mohanty 2020 ): where is the higher heating value of the tobacco waste.…”
Graphic abstract
Fossil fuels are the primary energy source of almost all societies and economies, but it is finite and scarce. The use of non-renewable fossil fuels threatens earth’s environment. At the same time, waste from agricultural and industrial activities is increasing. Most of this waste is discarded or poorly managed, causing many other environmental issues. Converting waste to energy is a promising route to address these challenges. We investigated the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of high moisture content, tobacco-processing waste in a multiple batch thermal reactor to produce biocrude oil. The effects of operating conditions were studied and optimized for maximum liquid biocrude oil yield. HTL operating conditions considered were temperatures from 280 to 340 °C and residence times from 15 to 45 min for a fixed ratio of biomass to deionized water of 1:3. The reaction temperature was found to affect the yields and distribution of products significantly. The maximum yield of the liquid biocrude oil obtained was more than 52%
w/w
at 310 °C and 15 min. Under these conditions, almost 90% of the energy was recovered in biocrude oil and solid products. The liquid fraction was mainly composed of phenols, ketones, and nitrogenous compounds. This study provides a potential framework for eco-technologies for biomass waste-to-energy conversion with respect to converting tobacco processing residues to liquid biofuels and biochemicals.
“…When only liquid products were considered, tobacco processing residues hydrothermally decomposed to generate LBO and WS fractions at a low temperature and generate more of the HBO fraction at higher temperatures. An extended residence time did not increase either of the biocrude oil yields, but caused the depolymerization of the light WS components, lowering the liquid yields (Aierzhati et al 2019 ; Mishra and Mohanty 2020 ). Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The energy recovery ( ) of the products was calculated from Eq. 4 (Mishra and Mohanty 2020 ): where is the higher heating value of the tobacco waste.…”
Graphic abstract
Fossil fuels are the primary energy source of almost all societies and economies, but it is finite and scarce. The use of non-renewable fossil fuels threatens earth’s environment. At the same time, waste from agricultural and industrial activities is increasing. Most of this waste is discarded or poorly managed, causing many other environmental issues. Converting waste to energy is a promising route to address these challenges. We investigated the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of high moisture content, tobacco-processing waste in a multiple batch thermal reactor to produce biocrude oil. The effects of operating conditions were studied and optimized for maximum liquid biocrude oil yield. HTL operating conditions considered were temperatures from 280 to 340 °C and residence times from 15 to 45 min for a fixed ratio of biomass to deionized water of 1:3. The reaction temperature was found to affect the yields and distribution of products significantly. The maximum yield of the liquid biocrude oil obtained was more than 52%
w/w
at 310 °C and 15 min. Under these conditions, almost 90% of the energy was recovered in biocrude oil and solid products. The liquid fraction was mainly composed of phenols, ketones, and nitrogenous compounds. This study provides a potential framework for eco-technologies for biomass waste-to-energy conversion with respect to converting tobacco processing residues to liquid biofuels and biochemicals.
“…Besides, the production of these types of bioproducts can generate new income and employment opportunities in rural areas [ 8 ]. One of the main disadvantages of biomass from plants is that availability and productivity decrease in winter [ 9 ]. To overcome this problem, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) plants are being developed that use other types of raw materials, such as the biowaste that humans generate or algae that are easily cultivable [ 9 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…One of the main disadvantages of biomass from plants is that availability and productivity decrease in winter [ 9 ]. To overcome this problem, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) plants are being developed that use other types of raw materials, such as the biowaste that humans generate or algae that are easily cultivable [ 9 ]. Hydrothermal liquefaction began to generate interest in the 1960s, when Appell et al developed a process for the liquefaction of cellulosic biomass [ 10 ] and waste biomass [ 11 ].…”
The use of biofuels offers advantages over existing fuels because they come from renewable sources, they are biodegradable, their storage and transport are safer, and their emissions into the atmosphere are lower. Biomass is one of the most promising sustainable energy sources with a wide variety of organic materials as raw material. Chemical, biochemical, and thermochemical methods have been proposed to obtain biofuels from raw materials from biomass. In recent years, a thermochemical method that has generated great interest is hydrothermal liquefaction. In this paper, a brief review of the main sources for liquid biofuels and the synthesis processes is presented, with special emphasis on the production of biofuels using hydrothermal liquefaction by using waste generated by human activity as raw material.
“…Many other excellent pieces of research and reviews [40] on the biomass feedstocks hydrothermal conversion have been completed, including the addition of catalysts, the effect of operating conditions, etc. [41][42][43][44][45]. The operation parameters, together with biomass tissues and structure, play decisive roles during bio-oil production.…”
The conversion of abundant forest- and agricultural-residue-based lignocellulosic materials into high-quality bio-oil by the mild hydrothermal method has great potential in the field of biomass utilization. Some excellent research on biomass hydrothermal process has been completed, including temperature, time, catalyst addition, etc. Meanwhile, some research related to the biomass raw material tissue structure has been illustrated by adopting mode components (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, protein, lipid, etc.) or their mixtures. The interesting fact is that although some real lignocellulose has approximate composition, their hydrothermal products and distributions show individual differences, which means the interaction within biomass raw material components tremendously affected the reaction pathway. Unfortunately, to our knowledge, there is no review article with a specific focus on the effects of raw materials and their tissue structure on the lignocellulose hydrothermal process. In this review, research progress on the effects of model and mixed cellulose/hemicellulose/lignin effects on hydrothermal products is initially summarized. Additionally, the real lignocellulosic raw materials structure effects during the thermal process are summed up. This article will inspire researchers to focus more attention on wood fiber biomass conversion into liquid fuels or high-value-added chemicals, as well as promote the development of world energy change.
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