Co-infection of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C among HIV-infected patients: A cross-sectional study from tertiary care hospital of eastern Nepal

Shrestha, Lok Bahadur; Pradhan, Saugat; Sharma, Anuj; Pandit, Tejendra; Chhetry, Roshan; Khanal, Basudha

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264791

Cited by 18 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Shrestha LB et al reported 2.95% of HIV and HBV coinfected cases in their study whereas J Sarkar et al have shown a higher percentage of 8.33% HIV and HBV coinfected cases in their study. 17,18 The COVID statuses of all the Hepatitis B positive cases during the pandemic were negative. Among the 23 Hepatitis C positive cases during the pandemic, one case (4.3%) was found to be COVID positive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Telangana, India - Comparison of Pre-Pandemic and COVID-19 Pandemic times

Roopa¹,

Kamineni²,

Shilpa³

et al. 2022

J. Pure Appl. Microbiol.

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WHO estimates show that 296 million people were living with chronic hepatitis B infection in 2019 with 1.5 million new infections occurring every year and approximately 290 000 people died from hepatitis C, mostly from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The prevalence and trends of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C infections were affected during the pandemic, hence this study aimed to compare the difference in prevalence rates, trends, demographic data, and outcomes of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C cases in pre-pandemic and pandemic era. The study was carried out in a 1060 bedded tertiary care teaching hospital located 90 kilometers away from Hyderabad, Telangana catering to a majorly rural population from around 200 villages. This study was a retrospective observational study where data of 4 years (March 2018 to Feb 2022) of patients whose samples were sent to Microbiology laboratory and were found to be positive for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or antibodies to Hepatitis C (Anti-HCV) were included. The medical records of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C positive cases were analysed for demographic data like age, sex, address, requesting department, and present status retrieved from the hospital information system. The prevalence rates of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C infections and trends every year were calculated and compared. Out of the total 39,578 samples tested for Hepatitis B surface antigen, 413 were positive with a seroprevalence of 1.04%. Among the 20,394 samples tested for anti-Hepatitis C antibodies, 53 samples were found to be positive showing a seroprevalence of 0.25%. There was a 23.63% decrease in the number of samples received during the pandemic period demonstrating the impact of COVID-19 on various laboratory testing. Male predominance was observed for both Hepatitis B (65.37%) and Hepatitis C (56.60%) positivity in this study. Hepatitis B was highest in the 61-80 years age group before the pandemic but during the pandemic, Hepatitis B positivity was equally distributed in the 41 to 60 years and 61-80 years age groups. Hepatitis C positive cases were equally distributed in the 41 to 60 years and 61-80 years age groups before the pandemic whereas during the pandemic Hepatitis C positivity was highest among the 41 to 60 years age group. Among the 413 positive cases of Hepatitis B, 315 (76.27%) cases belonged to the rural population and among the 53 Hepatitis C positive cases, 37 (69.81%) cases were from rural areas. The seroprevalence for Hepatitis B surface antigen displayed a decreasing trend in the pandemic era when compared to the pre-pandemic era. Seroprevalence for anti-HCV antibodies showed a small increase in the pandemic era when compared to the pre-pandemic era. Male predominance was observed for both Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C positivity in this study. Hepatitis B was highest in the 61-80 years age group before the pandemic but during the pandemic, Hepatitis B positivity was equally distributed in the 41 to 60 years and 61-80 years age groups. Hepatitis C positive cases were equally distributed in the 41 to 60 years and 61-80 years age groups before the pandemic whereas during the pandemic Hepatitis C positivity was highest among the 41 to 60 years age group. Detailed analysis of these variations in the trends during the pandemic will aid in guiding tertiary care hospitals on the way forward in the retrieval of medical services after the pandemic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Telangana, India - Comparison of Pre-Pandemic and COVID-19 Pandemic times

Roopa¹,

Kamineni²,

Shilpa³

et al. 2022

J. Pure Appl. Microbiol.

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“…HCV coinfection is common among PLHIV due to their common routes of transmission. Such coinfection increases up the frequency and severity of liver disease (Shrestha & Yadav, 2022). It is reported that the co-infected patients are likely to have cirrhosis of the liver 6 times more with those compared infected solely with HCV (Fuster et al, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotypes and Viral Load of Hepatitis C Virus among HIV Patients Visiting ART Center of Nepal

Sah

Ansari

et al. 2022

Preprint

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HIV patients are prone to various other complications, disorder and coinfections mainly HCV coinfection. HCV coinfection increases up the frequency and severity of liver disease. The aim of this study was to find the prevalence of HCV coinfection among HIV patients, HCV viral load and HCV genotypes in Nepal. This cross-sectional study was conducted from Oct 2021 to May 2022 in the HIV seropositive patients attending the Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Kathmandu, Nepal. All the demographic and blood samples were collected from the patients. The RNA was extracted and estimated the viral load and HCV genotypes by standard Q-PCR protocols. A total 203 PLHIV were enrolled in the study out of which 115 (56.6%) had HCV co-infection by Q-PCR. Most commonly HCV infection was higher in male 110 (95.6%) than female 5 (4.4%). HCV viral load < 34 IU/ml was observed as higher number 56 (27.6%) then 31 (15.3%) had among 34-3000 IU/ml, 17 (8.4%) had 3000–30000 IU/ml, 8 (3.9%) had 30000–300000 IU/ml and only 3 (1.5%) had > 3000000 IU/ml HCV viral load. Genotype 3 were most prevalent 36 (61.1%) then genotypes 5a, 6, 1 and 1a as 13 (22.1%), 6 (10.2%, 2 (3.3%) and 2 (3.3%) respectively. Genotype 3a was most prevalent genotypes and the presence of HCV genotype 6 in Nepalese patients may indicate a shift of HCV genotypes.

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“…In addition, if HIV infection is at a late stage characterized by a decreased CD4 + T cell count, the chances of co-infection with HBV and HCV are higher. 10,11 This study had some limitations. We did not count the CD4 + T cell in HIV positive samples.…”

Section: Amentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The gene sequences of recombinant proteins Pol, Env (gp41) and Gag (p24) used in this study had been codonoptimized to be expressed in Escherichia coli cells. 10,11 Pol and Env (gp41) were expressed in E. coli BL21, while Gag (p24) protein was expressed in E. coli BL21CP. Protein expression was induced using 1mM IPTG at 37°C for 4 hours.…”

Section: Expression and Purification Of Recombinant Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection could also be detected in blood samples. 10,11 Hence, we used HBV-positive and HCVpositive samples to observe cross-reactivity of HBV and HCV antibodies with the recombinant protein developed in this RIBA test. Antibody cross-reactivity can lead to incorrect diagnoses and false-positives should be considered when testing for HIV antibodies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of Recombinant Immunoblot Assay Diagnostic Test Based on HIV-1 in Indonesia

Christian

Widyaningtyas

Bela

2022

Mol Cell Biomed Sci

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Background: High mutation rates in HIV-1 could affect the accuracy of diagnostic tests. Therefore, recombinant antigen that has an immunodominant and conserved region from HIV-1 need to be developed to detect HIV-1 infection in Indonesia.Materials and methods: The recombinant antigens comprise of Gag (p24), Pol and Env (gp41). Each antigens was expressed in the Escherichia coli expression system and purified using Ni-NTA chromatography. The reactivity of purified antigen against HIV antibodies was tested against a group of 50 HIV-positive plasma samples and 45 HIV-negative plasma samples in a recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) platform test. Moreover, 21 of 50 HIV-positive samples and 3 of 45 HIV-negative samples were also tested using HIV blot 2.2 to compare RIBA with a commercial western blot kit. Ten HBV-positive and 10 HCV-positive plasma samples were used to check cross-reactivity with HIV recombinant proteins in RIBA.Results: All HIV-positive samples (100%) tested with RIBA were reactive towards Gag (p24), Pol, Env (gp41). Otherwise, 3 of 21 HIV-positive samples assayed with HIV blot 2.2 were not reactive to Pol protein. All HIV-negative samples tested with RIBA and 3 HIV-negative samples tested with HIV blot 2.2 did not produce any bands of HIV antigens. Few HBV and HCV samples showed reactivity towards HIV recombinant proteins.Conclusion: Each recombinant protein, Gag (p24), Pol, Env (gp41), could be expressed and purified, as well as had reactivity to HIV-positive samples in RIBA test. Therefore, RIBA can be used as a diagnostic test to detect HIV-1 infection in Indonesia.Keywords: diagnostic, HIV-1, immunodominant, recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA)

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Co-infection of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C among HIV-infected patients: A cross-sectional study from tertiary care hospital of eastern Nepal

Cited by 18 publications

References 20 publications

Prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Telangana, India - Comparison of Pre-Pandemic and COVID-19 Pandemic times

Prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Telangana, India - Comparison of Pre-Pandemic and COVID-19 Pandemic times

Genotypes and Viral Load of Hepatitis C Virus among HIV Patients Visiting ART Center of Nepal

Development of Recombinant Immunoblot Assay Diagnostic Test Based on HIV-1 in Indonesia

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