Co-infection of malaria and typhoid fever among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at General Hospital, Wuse, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria

Pam, Victoria; Landan, S.; Adejoh, V.A.; Pam, D.D.; K, Danjuma

doi:10.4314/njpar.v39i2.6

Cited by 5 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…The sample size for this study was determined using the formula by Naing et al [18] for sample size calculation a 0.05 level of precision; = Where: n = required sample size Z = standard normal deviation at the required confidence interval (1.96) which corresponds to 95% confidence interval. P = prevalence of malaria-typhoid co-infection from previous study (4.5%) (0.1) [4]. Q = 1 -p = 0.…”

Section: Sample Size Determinationmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Malaria-typhoid co-infection is a disease of public health importance which happens to be endemic in the tropical and subtropical countries including Nigeria [1,2]. This disease condition during pregnancy can have adverse effects on both mother and fetus including maternal anemia, fever, fetal anemia, abortion, still-birth and even death of the child or mother before birth or soon after delivery [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Globally, an estimated half of the world population (3.4 billion people) lives in area at risk of malaria infections with Sub-Saharan region particularly Nigeria having the highest burden [2]. About Ninety percent (90%) of Nigeria's population are at risk of malaria and there are an estimated 100 million malaria cases with over 300,000 deaths per year in Nigeria [2,4,9]. This accounts for 60% of outpatient visits, 30% hospitalization among children less than 5 years of age and 11% maternal mortality [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is acquired by the ingestion of food and/or water contaminated with the faeces of an infected person, which contain the bacterium, Salmonella typhi [12]. Common risk factors associated with the disease include poverty as a result of poor sanitation and poor hygiene [11] while fever is it prominent feature [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, malaria-infected pregnant women are said to be more prone to typhoid fever because of the increased haemolysis in malaria which is said to increase the availability of iron in the tissues especially the liver and Salmonella species are believed to thrive more in iron rich tissues [13]. It is worthy of note that both typhoid and malaria in pregnant women present with management problems since most drugs used in the treatment of both diseases are contra-indicated in pregnancy [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Malaria and Typhoid Fever: Prevalence, Co-Infection and Socio-Demographic Determinants among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at a Primary Healthcare Facility in Central Nigeria

Mohammed

Mukhtar²,

Sadiq

2020

IJPR

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Aims: This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence, co-infection and socio-demographic determinants of malaria and typhoid fever among pregnant women attending antenatal care at a primary health care facility in Central Nigeria. Study Design: The study was a cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Keffi, Nasarawa State, between January and October, 2020. Methodology: Blood sample (4 ml) was collected from each of the 429 consenting pregnant women attending antenatal care at Primary Healthcare Centre main market, Keffi, Nasarawa State. Malaria parasite was detected from the blood samples using one-step malaria rapid diagnostic test kit (SD Bioline, Inc, USA) and was confirmed by Gimesa stained thin and thick film microscopy while typhoid fever was diagnosed using Cromatest widal commercial antigen suspension (Linear Chemicals, Barcelona, Spain). Data collected were analysed using Smith’s Statistical Package (version 2.8, California, USA) and P value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 429 pregnant women screened, 123(28.7%) had malaria, 33(7.7%) had typhoid fever while 12(2.8%) had malaria-typhoid co-infection. Malaria-typhoid co-infection was found to be higher among pregnant women aged ≤30 years (3.5%), traders (3.9%), with primary education (3.2%) and who were from rural areas (6.3%). However, only location of the pregnant women was associated with the rate of malaria-typhoid co-infection (P< 0.05) whereas age, educational status and occupation were independent of the co-infection (P> 0.05). Conclusion: We confirmed the presence of malaria-typhoid co-infection among pregnant women in the study area. Considering it adverse effects on pregnancy and it outcome, there is need for more efforts towards it prevention, control and management.

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Section: Sample Size Determinationmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Malaria and Typhoid Fever: Prevalence, Co-Infection and Socio-Demographic Determinants among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at a Primary Healthcare Facility in Central Nigeria

Mohammed

Mukhtar²,

Sadiq

2020

IJPR

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Prevalence, probability, and outcomes of typhoidal/non-typhoidal Salmonella and malaria co-infection among febrile patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Wilairatana

Mala

Klangbud

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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The geographical overlaps of malaria parasites and Salmonella spp. can lead to co-infection of these two pathogens, especially in the tropics where malaria is endemic. Moreover, few literatures suggested that malaria infection was associated with Salmonella bacteremia. Therefore, this study quantified pooled prevalence of typhoidal/non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and probability of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection among febrile patients. The systematic review protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42021252322). Studies on co-infection of typhoidal/NTS and malaria were searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The risk of bias of the included studies was assessed using the checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Meta-analyses on the following criteria were performed: (1) pooled prevalence of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection among febrile patients, (2) pooled prevalence of typhoidal/NTS among malaria patients, (3) pooled prevalence of malaria infections among patients with Salmonella spp. infection, and (4) probability of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection among febrile patients. Additionally, the case fatality rate and mean difference of malarial parasitemia between typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection and Plasmodium monoinfection were also determined. The subgroup analyses of typhoidal/NTS, regions (Africa and Asia), countries, time (publication year), characteristics of participants, and diagnostic tests for identifying Salmonella spp. were also conducted. A sensitivity test was performed to determine the robustness of the study outcomes. Publication bias among the included studies was evaluated using the funnel plot and Egger’s test. All analyses were performed using Stata version 15 (StataCorp LLC, Texas, USA) with a p-value < 0.05 indicating statistical significance. Eighty-one studies that met the eligibility criteria were included in the analyses. Of the 73,775 study participants, 4523 had typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infections. The pooled prevalence rates of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection among febrile patients were 14% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9–19%; I2, 99.4%; 2971/17,720 cases) and 1% (95% CI 1–1%; I2, 89.9%; 252/29,081 cases) using the Widal test and culture methods for identifying Salmonella spp., respectively. The pooled prevalence rates of typhoidal/NTS infection among patients with malaria were 31% (95% CI 23–39%; I2, 99.5%; 3202/19,208 cases) and 3% (95% CI 2–3%; I2, 86.8%; 407/40,426 cases) using the Widal test and culture methods for identifying Salmonella spp., respectively. The pooled prevalence rates of malaria infection among patients with typhoidal/NTS were 17% (95% CI 6–29%; I2, 33.3%; 13/75 cases) and 43% (95% CI 32–53%; I2, 89.1%; 287/736 cases), respectively. Malaria infection was associated with typhoidal/NTS in children aged < 15 years (p < 0.0001; odds ratio, 0.36; 95% CI 0.23–0.58; I2, 73.9%; 3188/43,212 cases). The case fatality rate in patients with malaria and NTS co-infections was 16% (95% CI 9–24%; I2, 89.1%; 18/103 cases). From the view of the present study, the inappropriate use of the Widal test for Salmonella spp. diagnosis can overestimate the prevalence of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infections. Malaria infection associated with typhoidal/NTS in children and the high case fatality rates among few patients with co-infections were highlighted. Future prospective longitudinal studies using the appropriate and confirmatory dsiagnosis for Salmonella spp. infections are highly recommended to ensure the real prevalence of co-infection and highlight the outcome of co-infection for providing adequate treatment in febrile patients who live in areas where malaria is endemic, such as tropical Africa and India.

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Prevalence of malaria and typhoid fever co-infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria

Okolo

Adeshina

Omatola

et al. 2022

Microbes and Infectious Diseases

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Background: Malaria and typhoid fever are among the most common infectious diseases in Nigeria and other developing countries where opportunities for transmission are wide-ranging. In pregnancy, concurrent infection by malaria and typhoid fever has significant clinical and public health implications such as spontaneous abortion and mortality. This study determined the prevalence of malaria, typhoid fever co-infection, and socio-demographic determinant among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Anyigba, Kogi State. Method: Blood samples from 100 consented pregnant women were screened for malaria parasite using CareStart rapid malaria diagnostic test kit and Giemsa-stained thick film microscopy while typhoid fever etiology was assessed using a commercial Widal agglutination test kit. Result: Of the 100 pregnant women screened, 19(40%) had malaria, 23(47%) had typhoid fever and 6(13%) had co-infection. Prevalence of malaria in pregnant women was high in the age group 25-29 years 10(52.6%), trader 7(36.8%), secondary education 8(42.1%), and people from rural areas 12(63.2%). Similarly, a high prevalence of typhoid was found among ages 25-29years 9(39.1%), traders 13(56.5%), secondary education 15(65.2%), and rural residents 16(69.6%). Also, co-infection was high among women with age 25-29 years 2(33.3%), trader 3(50%), secondary education 3(50%), and women from rural areas 4(66.7%). However, neither malaria, typhoid nor their co-infection was significantly associated with any of the above factors (p>0.05). Similarly, putative risk factors such as (residential areas with bushes, stagnant water, use of mosquito net or spray, source of drinking water, and food intake) were not significantly associated with the infections (p>0.05). Conclusion: Findings from the current study suggest both malaria and typhoid remain a disease of public health concern in pregnancy in the study area. Considering the adverse effects of both diseases on pregnancy and associated sequelae, there is a need for more efforts toward its prevention, control, and management.

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Co-infection of malaria and typhoid fever among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at General Hospital, Wuse, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Malaria and Typhoid Fever: Prevalence, Co-Infection and Socio-Demographic Determinants among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at a Primary Healthcare Facility in Central Nigeria

Malaria and Typhoid Fever: Prevalence, Co-Infection and Socio-Demographic Determinants among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at a Primary Healthcare Facility in Central Nigeria

Prevalence, probability, and outcomes of typhoidal/non-typhoidal Salmonella and malaria co-infection among febrile patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Prevalence of malaria and typhoid fever co-infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria

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