Co-infection of Newcastle disease virus genotype XIII with low pathogenic avian influenza exacerbates clinical outcome of Newcastle disease in vaccinated layer poultry flocks

Abstract

Background:Newcastle disease (ND) and avian influenza (AI) are infectious and economically important diseases of poultry, and multiple factors including secondary viral and bacterial infections contribute significantly in the ND/AI pathobiology. The disease pattern during co-infections of genotype XIII NDV and AI is not well understood. So far, there has been no strong explanation for such difference in mortality and severity of clinical disease. In our present case study, we describe clinico-pathological disease condition of genotype XIII NDV and its co-infection with LPAI-H9N2 subtype, which could further helpful to understand the interactions of these two economically important poultry viruses. To address interaction of two respiratory infections, ND virus (NDV) and avian influenza virus (AIV), a total of 37 commercial poultry flocks were investigated in the southern peninsular India. Results:Clinicopathological as well as molecular biological investigations identified simultaneous circulation of NDV and AIV in same flock/bird. Sequence analysis of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes revealed that all identified AIVs were belonging to low pathogenicity H9N2 subtype whereas the analysis of the fusion genes revealed that detected NDVs belong to virulent type, and revealed that NDV strains currently circulating in India are belong to NDV class II, genotype XIII. The NDV alone as well H9N2 and NDV co-infected flocks exhibited clinical signs and lesions similar to that of virulent NDV except the degree of severity, which was higher in H9N2-NDV co-infected flocks. Furthermore, E. coli and mycoplasma were detected in all the ailing/dead birds from the co-infected flocks during progression of the clinical disease. Conclusion:The results demonstrate the importance of emerging fifth panzootic genotype XIII NDV in exacerbating clinical disease in vaccinated birds. The results not only present understanding on the virus-virus interaction and consequences on the bird's health but also highlight the multifactorial disease complexity in commercial poultry. Further studies are needed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of these interactions and their cumulative impact on the poultry health.

Novel variant infectious bursal disease virus suppresses Newcastle disease vaccination in broiler and layer chickens

“…However, it has been observed that ND sometimes occurred in some vaccinated poultry farms in recent years ( Mariappan et al., 2018 ; Almubarak, 2019 ). On the one hand, a few NDV strains were reported as novel subgroups and genotype mismatches ( Le et al., 2018 ; Gowthaman et al., 2019 ; Liu et al., 2019 ). On the other hand, the immune failure associated with immunosuppression caused by other viruses cannot be ignored ( Perozo et al., 2012 ; El-Aried et al., 2019 ).…”

“…To prevent production losses, even with a good biosecurity practice, vaccination has become an increasingly important routine in the poultry industry ( Bello et al., 2018 ). However, sometimes, vaccination might not effectively reduce virus transmission and disease occurrence ( Le et al., 2018 ; Gowthaman et al., 2019 ). There are many factors that play vital roles including immunosuppressive agents, virus variation, biosecurity breaks, inadequate management practices, and harsh environments, among which immunosuppression induced by other viruses could be a possible reason ( Hoerr, 2010 ; Perozo et al., 2012 ; El-Aried et al., 2019 ).…”

Prevalence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Commercial and Backyard Poultry in Haryana, India

“…The persistence of virulent NDV after intensive vaccination is a recurrent phenomenon in endemic countries of Asia, Africa, and Central America (6,(30)(31)(32), which is probably due to selection of virulent NDV in the face of immune pressure from vaccination (11). It also suggests that vaccination may stop active disease manifestation and protect the flock from an outbreak situation but may not stop shedding of the virus.…”

Review: Strategi Praktis Penanganan Egg Drop Syndrome pada Ayam Petelur

“…Usaha unggas petelur memiliki ketertarikan tersendiri karena mampu menghasilkan keuntungan yang layak dan menghasilkan produk yang dibutuhkan oleh manusia (Afandi et al, 2019). Namun, peternakan unggas petelur memiliki kendala yaitu maraknya berbagai penyakit infeksi yang bersifat kontagius, yang disebabkan oleh virus, bakteri, fungi dan riketsia ( Brown Jordan et al, 2018;Gowthaman et al, 2019). Penyakit akibat virus pada unggas petelur utama disebabkan oleh famili Avian paramyxoviridae termasuk infeksi Egg Drop Syndrome Virus (EDSV) (Kencana et al, 2017).…”