Co‐ingestion of energy drinks with alcohol and other substances among a sample of people who regularly use ecstasy

Peacock, Amy; Sindicich, Natasha; Dunn, Matthew; Whittaker, Elizabeth; Sutherland, Rachel; Entwistle, Gavin; Burns, Lucy; Bruno, Raimondo

doi:10.1111/dar.12343

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…No significant differences were found between the groups regarding demographics or alcohol and drug use, alcohol consumption on AMED sessions, and AMED consumption‐related risk taking. Finally, Peacock et al () examined the motives for AMED consumption of 693 Australian ecstasy users. Participants reported consuming AMED to increase alertness (59%), for the taste (25%), to party for longer (23%), and to combat fatigue (16%).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED): A critical review and meta‐analysis

Verster

Benson

Johnson

et al. 2018

Human Psychopharmacology

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The purpose of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to critically review the (1) prevalence of alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED) consumption, (2) motives for AMED consumption, (3) correlates of AMED consumption, and (4) whether AMED consumption has an impact on (a) alcohol consumption, (b) subjective intoxication, and (c) risk‐taking behavior.Overall a minority of the population consumes AMED, typically infrequently. Motives for AMED consumption are predominantly hedonistic and social. Meta‐analyses revealed that AMED consumers drink significantly more alcohol than alcohol‐only (AO) consumers. Within‐subject comparisons restricted to AMED consumers revealed that alcohol consumption does not significantly differ between typical AMED and AO occasions. On past month heaviest drinking occasions, AMED users consume significantly less alcohol on AMED occasions when compared to AO occasions. AMED consumers experience significantly fewer negative consequences and risk‐taking behavior on AMED occasions compared with AO occasions. Meta‐analyses of subjective intoxication studies suggest that AMED consumption does not differentially affect subjective intoxication when compared to AO consumption. In conclusion, when compared to AO consumption, mixing alcohol with energy drink does not affect subjective intoxication and seems unlikely to increase total alcohol consumption, associated risk‐taking behavior, nor other negative alcohol‐related consequences. Further research may be necessary to fully reveal the effects of AMED.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED): A critical review and meta‐analysis

Verster

Benson

Johnson

et al. 2018

Human Psychopharmacology

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“…Since the last meta-analysis [82] another study has been published [78] assessing the effects of AmED on attentional and working memory. Like in previous studies, mutual antagonism was not evident in all tasks and depended on alcohol and ED dose, and the blood alcohol limb [85]. The most recent studies [86,87] assessed the effects of AmED on driving-related skills, and showed that EDs increase willingness to drive while drunk, but did not, or only partially counteract alcohol effects on objective performance outcomes.…”

Section: Interactions With Energy Drinksmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…Published cases of intoxication with EDs have been screened to identify the substances most concomitantly consumed and the reported effects. The main characteristics of each case report are summarized in Table 3 for combination with alcohol [89][90][91][92][93] and Table 4 for combination with other drugs of abuse [1,16,33,85,88,[94][95][96][97]. Intake of more than three cans of EDs, or less in poor tolerance individuals, can lead to caffeine intoxication [14].…”

Section: Intoxications With Eds and Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction of Energy Drinks with Prescription Medication and Drugs of Abuse

et al. 2021

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In recent years, the consumption of energy drinks (EDs) has become increasingly popular, especially among adolescents. Caffeine, a psychostimulant, is the main compound of EDs which also contain other substances with pharmacological effects. This review aims to compile current evidence concerning the potential interactions between EDs, medicines, and drugs of abuse as they are frequently consumed in combination. The substances involved are mainly substrates, inductors or inhibitors of CYP1A2, psychostimulants, alcohol and other depressant drugs. Furthermore, intoxications reported with EDs and other substances have also been screened to describe acute toxicity. The results of our review show that the consumption of both EDs alone and in combination is not as safe as previously thought. Health professionals and consumers need to be aware of the potential interactions of these drinks as well as the absence of long-term safety data.

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“…Energy drink use has been found to be a common co-ingestant among those using both alcohol and other stimulants (i.e., ecstasy) for the purposes of energy enhancement. 12,13 In this patient case, he presented with the consumption of both an opioid, an energy drink, and a psychostimulant within a similar time frame, and although he displayed no symptoms suggestive of respiratory depression on his initial visit, this was possibly suppressed by his stimulant coingestion. The time course of his initial presentation, his reported inability to sleep that night, followed by an apneic episode in the afternoon following day, approximates the elimination rate of extended-release dextroamphetamine and amphetamine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…11 Energy drink use has also been noted to be frequent among those that use alcohol, ecstasy, and amphetamines, most commonly for the reported purpose of increasing alertness. 12,13 Case Report A 26-year-old male (83.9 kg) whose only relevant past medical history consists of occasional recreational dextroamphetamine/amphetamine use presented to the ED approximately 1 h after unintentionally ingesting 20-25 mL (200-250 mg) of liquid methadone (Figure 1). Patient stated that he took his brother's methadone (5 mL daily) by accident, who is in a methadone program and prefers to mix his methadone with an energy drink in the same bottle, of which 4-5 days' worth was remaining.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible Delay in Symptomatology of a Methadone Overdose in a Patient Ingesting an Energy Drink and Dextroamphetamine/Amphetamine

Weant

Hall

2022

Journal of Pharmacy Practice

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Introduction: Methadone is a mu-opioid agonist with a delayed time to peak concentration that requires an extended period of monitoring following an overdose. Available data suggests that the combination of psychostimulants with methadone may augment antinociception and tolerance to opioids. Case Report: A 26-year-old male (83.9 kg) presented to the ED approximately 1 hour after unintentionally ingesting 200-250 mg of liquid methadone and an energy drink, along with 20 mg of dextroamphetamine/amphetamine prior to the event. Vital signs were: blood pressure (BP), 143/91 mmHg; heart rate (HR), 74; respirations (RR), 16; oxygen saturation 95% on room air. His urine drug screen was positive for amphetamines and methadone. Patient was monitored for 4 hours with no change in status and was discharged home. Approximately 26 hours later patient was found cyanotic and apneic. Patient was given 2 mg of naloxone and awoke with normal mental status. On presentation the patient’s vital signs were: BP, 114/70 mmHg; HR, 114; RR 16; oxygen saturation 94% on 3 liters nasal cannula. During his ED stay, he required 2 doses of naloxone secondary to oxygen desaturation and was admitted to the hospital. His repeat urine drug screen was positive for amphetamines and methadone. The patient was discharged the following day. Discussion: This case illustrates an unintentional methadone overdose combined with the intentional ingestion of an energy drink and dextroamphetamine/amphetamine that possibly masked the toxicity for over 24 hrs. Monitoring parameters for methadone overdoses may need re-evaluation in the setting of the co-ingestion of a stimulant.

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Co‐ingestion of energy drinks with alcohol and other substances among a sample of people who regularly use ecstasy

Cited by 9 publications

References 29 publications

Alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED): A critical review and meta‐analysis

Alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED): A critical review and meta‐analysis

Interaction of Energy Drinks with Prescription Medication and Drugs of Abuse

Possible Delay in Symptomatology of a Methadone Overdose in a Patient Ingesting an Energy Drink and Dextroamphetamine/Amphetamine

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