We performed matrix-isolation
infrared (MI-IR) spectroscopy of
carbon dioxide monomers, CO
2
, and dimers, (CO
2
)
2
, trapped in neon and in air. On the basis of vibration
configuration interaction (VCI) calculations accounting for mode coupling
and anharmonicity, we identify additional infrared-active bands in
the MI-IR spectra due to the (CO
2
)
2
dimer. These
bands are satellite bands next to the established CO
2
monomer
bands, which appear in the infrared window of Earth’s atmosphere
at around 4 and 15 μm. In a systematic carbon dioxide mixing
ratio study using neon matrixes, we observe a significant fraction
of the dimer at mixing ratios above 300 ppm, with a steep increase
up to 1000 ppm. In neon matrix, the dimer increases the IR absorbance
by about 15% at 400 ppm compared to the monomer absorbance alone.
This suggests a high fraction of the (CO
2
)
2
dimer
in our matrix experiments. In atmospheric conditions, such increased
absorbance would significantly amplify radiative forcings and, thus,
the greenhouse warming. To enable a comparison of our laboratory experiment
with various atmospheric conditions (Earth, Mars, Venus), we compute
the thermodynamics of the dimerization accordingly. The dimerization
is favored at low temperatures and/or high carbon dioxide partial
pressures. Thus, we argue that matrix isolation does not trap the
gas composition “as is”. Instead, the gas is precooled
to 40 K, where CO
2
dimerizes before being trapped in the
matrix, already at very low carbon dioxide partial pressures. In the
context of planetary atmospheres, our results improve understanding
of the greenhouse effect for planets of rather thick CO
2
atmospheres such as Venus, where a significant fraction of the (CO
2
)
2
dimer can be expected. There, the necessity
of including the mid-IR absorption by stable (CO
2
)
2
dimers in databases used for modeling radiative forcing,
such as HITRAN, arises.