Co-occurrence of hypertension and type 2 diabetes: prevalence and associated factors among Haramaya University employees in Eastern Ethiopia

Abstract

BackgroundBoth hypertension (HTN) and diabetes are public health concerns in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in sub-Saharan African countries. The co-occurrence of HTN and diabetes is associated with an increased risk of mortality, morbidity, and reduced productivity in the working force. In Ethiopia, there is limited evidence on the co-occurrence of HTN and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the co-occurrence of HTN and T2DM and their associated factors among Haramaya University employees in Eastern Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1,200 employees at Haramaya University using a simple random sampling technique from December 2018 to February 2019. Demographic and behavioral factors were collected on a semi-structured questionnaire, followed by measurement of anthropometry and blood pressure. Blood glucose and lipid profile measurements were performed by collecting 6 ml of venous blood samples after 8 h of overnight fasting. Data were entered into EpiData 3.1 version and analyzed using Stata 16 software. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were applied to observe the association between independent variables with co-occurrence of HPN and T2DM using odds ratio, 95% confidence interval (CI), and p-values of ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsThe prevalence of HTN and T2DM was 27.3 and 7.4%, respectively. The co-occurrence of HTN and T2DM was 3.8%. The study found that being older (AOR = 3.97; 95 % CI: 1.80–8.74), khat chewing (AOR = 2.76; 95 % CI: 1.23–6.18), body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 (AOR = 5.11; 95 % CI: 2.06–12.66), and sedentary behavior ≥8 h per day (AOR = 6.44; 95 % CI: 2.89–14.34) were statistically associated with co-occurrence of HTN and T2DM. On the other hand, consuming fruits and vegetables (AOR = 0.10; 95 % CI: 0.04–0.22) and a higher level of education (AOR = 0.39; 95% CI: 0.17–0.89) were negatively statistically associated with the co-occurrence of HTN and T2DM.ConclusionThe co-occurrence of HTN and T2DM was prevalent among the study participants. This may create a substantial load on the healthcare system as an end result of increased demand for healthcare services. Therefore, rigorous efforts are needed to develop strategies for screening employees to tackle the alarming increase in HTN and T2DM in university employees.

The association between serum copper concentration and prevalence of diabetes among US adults with hypertension (NHANES 2011–2016)

“…found that serum copper levels within a certain range may be associated with elevated blood pressure. 37 Given that the co‐occurrence of hypertension and diabetes was prevalent among the adults, 38 this study aimed to explore the association between serum copper concentration and the prevalence of diabetes among hypertensive adults using the NHANES database.…”

Factors influencing medication adherence in co-morbid hypertension and diabetes patients: A scoping review

“…Due to the global health significance of co-morbid hypertension and diabetes 2 , this review incorporates papers from across various continents. Asia and America (including North and South America) are the primary contributors to this review, with United States of America 23 , 24 , 26 , 27 , 30 , 38 , 42 and India 29 , 31 , 41 , 44 , 46 contributing the most studies, respectively.…”

“…The co-occurrence of hypertension and diabetes is a serious public health burden. 1 , 2 Globally, co-morbidity is alarmingly prevalent, with statistics estimating that over 40% of patients with diabetes also suffer from hypertension. 1 , 3 This dual burden is especially apparent in older persons, underlining the challenges posed by an aging population.…”

“… 4 , 5 These chronic diseases are related with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, renal failure, stroke, and high mortality. 1 , 2 , 6 Diabetes and hypertension co-occurrence increases cardiovascular risk synergistically. 1 , 7 Underlying the mechanisms of this connection are intricate networks of vascular dysfunction, insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress.…”

“…Co-morbid hypertension and diabetes have substantial economic and societal implications that transcend individual health. 2 , 10 The need for medical services, hospitalizations, and long-term care has soared because of these co-morbidities. The financial burden is exacerbated by the need for sophisticated treatment regimens, frequent physician visits, and high medications costs.…”