Co-occurrence of mcr-1, mcr-4 and mcr-5 genes in multidrug-resistant ST10 Enterotoxigenic and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in Spain (2006-2017)

Antimicrobial resistance profile and prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), AmpC beta-lactamases and colistin resistance (mcr) genes in Escherichia coli from swine between 1999 and 2018

“…Pig industry is the most important livestock sector in Spain. Recent studies show that the percentage of resistance to last-resort drugs such as colistin is considerably higher than in other European regions [2,3]. Following these reports and considering the worldwide increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in food-producing animals, the aim of this study was to determine the present situation of AMR in pig farms from Spain and its evolution since 1999, as well as the prevalence of the most common resistance genes (colistin resistance plasmids (mcr), genes encoding for extended-spectrum betalactamases (ESBL), AmpC-type beta-lactamases (AmpC) and carbapenemases).…”

Characterization of mcr-5 -Harboring Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Typhimurium Isolates from Animal and Food Origin in Germany

“…Generally, the high variation of mcr-5-carrying plasmids in only eight analyzed Salmonella isolates as well as the presence of Tn6452 in two of the host genomes indicate a high mcr-5 mobility, an independent acquisition of mcr-5-harboring plasmids by individual strains, and a successful integration in and adaptation to different genomic environments. This is supported by the increasing number of publications reporting the presence of mcr-5 in various bacterial species worldwide (10,(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). However, mcr-5 is only reported sporadically, and so far, no links can be made between isolates from the environment, livestock, food, and humans.…”

Monitoring Colistin Resistance in Food Animals, An Urgent Threat

“…The generally higher rates of colistin resistance among isolates from food animals is in accordance with the higher selection pressure posed by the heavy use of colistin in veterinary medicine. Data from 26 European countries indicated statistically significant positive associations between polymyxin consumption in food-producing animals and colistin resistance in indicator E. coli from food-producing animals [16].…”

“…Despite the extensive use of colistin in food animals for over the last 50 years, data on colistin resistance in veterinary medicine are sparse compared with its data in human medicine. Based on the limited available resistance data, the occurrence of colistin resistance among isolates from food animals (0.9-76.9%) is more frequent than isolates from humans (0.1-8.8%) ( Table 1) [12][13][14][15][16]. In North America, data on colistin resistance from animals are scarce because colistin has not been widely available in livestock in these regions [10].…”

“…The overall prevalence of mcr-1 among Enterobacteriaceae strains collected from food animals and environment remains low in most countries (< 5%) [22], but relatively high rates were observed in several countries (9-20%), such as China, Spain, Vietnam, Japan, Brazil, Tunisia, France, Italy, and German [1,16,19,22]. In the aspect of the distribution of mcr-1 in human being, quite low rates were observed in the overall population (< 1%) [4,5,13].…”