Co-occurring weight problems among children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the role of executive functioning

Graziano, Paulo A.; Bagner, Daniel M.; Waxmonsky, James G.; Reid, Adam M.; McNamara, Joseph P. H.; Geffken, Gary R.

doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.245

Cited by 36 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Unexpectedly, different from previous studies linking non-eating self-regulation and child weight (e.g., Botano & Boland, 1983; Bruce et al, 2012; Graziano et al, 2012; Maayan et al, 2011; Schwartz et al, 2013), none of our measures of executive functioning or emotional regulation (executive functioning, effortful control, delay of gratification, or gift delay) were related to child BMIz. However, most previous studies linking executive functioning with child weight status tended to have samples of older children and adolescents 3 .…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Executive functioning, emotion regulation, eating self-regulation, and weight status in low-income preschool children: How do they relate?

et al. 2015

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The purpose of the present study was to examine relationships between child eating self-regulation, child non-eating self-regulation, and child BMIz in a low-income sample of Hispanic families with preschoolers. The eating in the absence of hunger task as well as parent-report of child satiety responsiveness and food responsiveness were used to assess child eating self-regulation. Two laboratory tasks assessing executive functioning, a parent questionnaire assessing child effortful control (a temperament dimension related to executive functioning), and the delay of gratification and gift delay tasks assessing child emotion regulation were used to assess child non-eating self-regulation. Bivariate correlations were run among all variables in the study. Hierarchical linear regression analyses assessed: 1) child eating self-regulation associations with the demographic, executive functioning, effortful control, and emotion regulation measures; and 2) child BMI z-scores associations with executive functioning, effortful control, emotion regulation measures, and eating self-regulation measures. Within child eating self-regulation, only the two parent-report measures were related. Low to moderate positive correlations were found between measures of executive functioning, effortful control, and emotion regulation. Only three relationships were found between child eating self-regulation and other forms of child self-regulation: eating in the absence of hunger was positively associated with delay of gratification, and poor regulation on the gift delay task was associated positively with maternal reports of food responsiveness and negatively with parent-reports of satiety responsiveness. Regression analyses showed that child eating self-regulation was associated with child BMIz but other forms of child self-regulation were not. Implications for understanding the role of self-regulation in the development of child obesity are discussed.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Executive functioning, emotion regulation, eating self-regulation, and weight status in low-income preschool children: How do they relate?

et al. 2015

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“…Psychological hypotheses have been offered, including deficient inhibitory control, poor executive functions, and inability to monitor eating behaviors. 2,10,[29][30][31][32] Regarding neurobiological correlates, dysfunction of fronto-striatal dopaminergic pathways has been implicated in ADHD, 30 as well as in obesity 33 ; whereas stimulant therapy may function in the short-term to minimize this dysfunction, its longterm effect may diminish.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,8,9 The risk of obesity associated with ADHD may be reduced or eliminated among children who have received stimulants as treatment for ADHD. 6,7,10 However, the independent contributions of ADHD and the medications used to treat it have not been fully elucidated.…”

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confidence: 99%

Attention Deficit Disorder, Stimulant Use, and Childhood Body Mass Index Trajectory

2014

PEDIATRICS

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Childhood attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder has been associated with both childhood and adult obesity, whereas treatment with stimulants has been associated with delayed child growth. No longitudinal studies with details about dates of diagnosis, treatment, and duration of stimulant use have been published. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:Using electronic health record data, this was the first study to evaluate the independent associations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder diagnosis, stimulant treatment, age at first stimulant use, and duration of stimulant use on longitudinal BMI trajectories throughout childhood and adolescence.abstract BACKGROUND: Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with childhood and adult obesity, and stimulant use with delayed childhood growth, but the independent influences are unclear. No longitudinal studies have examined associations of ADHD diagnosis and stimulant use on BMI trajectories throughout childhood and adolescence. METHODS:We used longitudinal electronic health record data from the Geisinger Health System on 163 820 children ages 3 to 18 years in Pennsylvania. Random effects linear regression models were used to model BMI trajectories with increasing age in relation to ADHD diagnosis, age at first stimulant use, and stimulant use duration, while controlling for confounding variables.RESULTS: Mean (SD) age at first BMI was 8.9 (5.0) years, and children provided a mean (SD) of 3.2 (2.4) annual BMI measurements. On average, BMI trajectories showed a curvilinear relation with age. There were consistent associations of unmedicated ADHD with higher BMIs during childhood compared with those without ADHD or stimulants. Younger age at first stimulant use and longer duration of stimulant use were each associated with slower BMI growth earlier in childhood but a more rapid rebound to higher BMIs in late adolescence. CONCLUSIONS:The study provides the first longitudinal evidence that ADHD during childhood not treated with stimulants was associated with higher childhood BMIs. In contrast, ADHD treated with stimulants was associated with slower early BMI growth but a rebound later in adolescence to levels above children without a history of ADHD or stimulant use. The findings have important clinical and neurobiological implications. Pediatrics 2014;133:668-676

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“…Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, the most prevalent behavioral disorder in childhood, is highly comorbid with other externalizing problems and has been linked to obesity in children. [34][35][36][37] Underlying mechanisms linking externalizing problems with pediatric obesity include: impulsive behaviors related to uncontrolled eating, 37 elevated sensitivity to immediate reward 38 and impaired executive functions (neurocognitive skills that are necessary for planning, monitoring and executing goal-directed actions) that might foster dysregulated eating behaviors, such as binge eating, emotional eating or eating in the absence of hunger. 39 Children with externalizing behaviors may also be at greater risk of food addictions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internalizing and externalizing problems in obese children and adolescents: associations with daily salivary cortisol concentrations

Pervanidou

Bastaki

Chouliaras

et al. 2015

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OBJECTIVE: Pediatric obesity commonly co-exists with emotional and behavioral disorders, while disturbed cortisol concentrations have been reported in both obese and chronically stressed individuals with anxiety and/or depression. We investigated the prevalence of internalizing and externalizing problems, reported by both parents and children, in a clinical population of obese children (OC) compared to normal-weight children. We examined the role of cortisol as a potential mediator between obesity and such problems. DESIGN: We compared 110 obese with 31 normal-weight children. The Greek version of the child behavior checklist (CBCL) and the youth self-report (YSR) were used and salivary cortisol was determined serially five times a day. RESULTS: T-scores of internalizing problems (anxiety/depression, social withdrawal, somatic complains) reported by both children (49.3±12.3 vs. 43.2±9.1) and mothers (60.6±11.3 vs. 50.6±10.4) were significantly higher (p=0.03 and p<0.001, respectively) in the obese than in the lean children. Externalizing problems (delinquency, rule-breaking behaviors) reported only by mothers were significantly higher in the OC (57.2 ±10.5 vs. 48.2±13.3, p=0.003). The cortisol area under the curve (AUC) was significantly smaller (p=0.03) in the OC than in the controls; however, a cortisol correlation with internalizing/externalizing symptoms was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of internalizing and externalizing problems in a clinical population of OC. A mediation effect of cortisol in the relation between internalizing/ externalizing problems and obesity could not be supported.

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Co-occurring weight problems among children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the role of executive functioning

Cited by 36 publications

References 52 publications

Executive functioning, emotion regulation, eating self-regulation, and weight status in low-income preschool children: How do they relate?

Executive functioning, emotion regulation, eating self-regulation, and weight status in low-income preschool children: How do they relate?

Attention Deficit Disorder, Stimulant Use, and Childhood Body Mass Index Trajectory

Internalizing and externalizing problems in obese children and adolescents: associations with daily salivary cortisol concentrations

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