Despite an international resurgence of interest in coproduction, confusion about the concept remains. This article attempts to make sense of the disparate literature and clarify the concept of coproduction in public administration. Based on some definitional distinctions and considerations about who is involved in coproduction, when in the service cycle it occurs, and what is generated in the process, the article offers and develops a typology of coproduction that includes three levels (individual, group, collective) and four phases (commissioning, design, delivery, assessment). The levels, phases, and typology as a whole are illustrated with several examples. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for research and practice.
Practitioner Points• Reflecting on the who, when, and what of coproduction can help address the conceptual confusion and ambiguity surrounding coproduction. • The typology developed in this article provides terminological clarity by offering vocabulary for describing and defining variations of coproduction. • The typology of coproduction enables practitioners to identify different forms of coproduction and to select the type that is best aligned with their goals and purposes. • Describing and explaining the variations in coproduction may facilitate the examination and comparison of cases and experiences and contribute to improvements in evaluation, transparency, and communication.