Co–pyrolysis of biomass blends: Characterization, kinetic and thermodynamic analysis

Potential Alternative Energy of Hybrid Coal from Co-pyrolysis of Lignite with Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and the Kinetic Study

“…As shown in Table 2, the water content in EFB was much smaller than lignite and followed the requirements for water content in pyrolysis raw materials, i.e. below 10% (Muigai et al, 2020). The moisture content of HCB, as shown in Figure 3d, increased significantly to 190.63% due to gluing with a starch solution.…”

“…Furthermore, phenol followed by acetic acid was found as the largest compound (written in bold) identified in tar. The largest compound of phenol was observed due to the content of lignin contained in the plant and cell walls matrix to stabilize the structure (Muigai et al, 2020). The observation was also found in coal as it was made from plants and decomposed over millions of years (Abdelsayed et al, 2019).…”

“…The level of fixed carbon is inversely proportional to the number of volatile species in the material (Muigai et al, 2020). As shown in Table 2, materials with high volatility levels had lower solid carbon values.…”

“…As a result, more products became tar and gas at higher temperatures. The high content of lignin due to its stable structure can lead to higher biochar yields (Muigai et al, 2020).…”

“…The high volatile content also makes biomass a highly reactive fuel burning faster (Shariff et al, 2016). The volatile components of biomass pyrolysis contain abundant OH free radicals, H free radicals, and other trace small molecules with free radicals, which migrate to the surface of coke and enter the matrix of coke (Muigai et al, 2020).…”