2011
DOI: 10.1126/science.1199071
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Co-Residence Patterns in Hunter-Gatherer Societies Show Unique Human Social Structure

Abstract: Contemporary humans exhibit spectacular biological success derived from cumulative culture and cooperation. The origins of these traits may be related to our ancestral group structure. Because humans lived as foragers for 95% of our species' history, we analyzed co-residence patterns among 32 present-day foraging societies (total n = 5067 individuals, mean experienced band size = 28.2 adults). We found that hunter-gatherers display a unique social structure where (i) either sex may disperse or remain in their … Show more

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Cited by 690 publications
(562 citation statements)
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“…In a recent survey of 32 global hunter-gatherer populations, mean band size (i.e., the residential unit) averaged only 28 individuals (73). Bands are organized into larger interactive and reproductive units, sometimes referred to as tribes, among which dispersal occurs.…”
Section: Demography Of Foragersmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In a recent survey of 32 global hunter-gatherer populations, mean band size (i.e., the residential unit) averaged only 28 individuals (73). Bands are organized into larger interactive and reproductive units, sometimes referred to as tribes, among which dispersal occurs.…”
Section: Demography Of Foragersmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…First, human's closest living ancestors, chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas, all practice male philopatry with moderate female dispersal (e.g., Boesch & Boesch-Achermann, 2000;Bradley, Doran-Sheehy, Lukas, Boesch, & Vigiliant, 2004;Chapais, 2008;Goodall, 1986;Nishida et al, 2003;Watts, 1996), and phylogenetic analyses suggest that primate co-residential patterns are conservative over time (Chapais, 2008;Thierry, Iwaniuk, & Pellis, 2000). Second, behavioral studies on modern forager populations suggest they disproportionately practice sex-biased affiliation among male kin, with a tendency for brothers to co-reside (Hill et al, 2011). Moreover, cross-cultural research, finds that the majority of current human societies are normatively patrilocal (Murdock & Wilson, 1980).…”
Section: Cooperation During Repeated Interactionsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Band size among forest dwellers was flexible and ranged from three to more than 100 individuals at any given time (Hill and Hurtado 1999), with a mean experienced band size of about 20 adults, with-from adult ego's point of view-consanguineal kin (both close and distant) constituting 20%, and unrelated individuals 25%, with spouse and affines comprising the remainder (Hill et al 2011). Pre-contact Ache marriages were extremely flexible and based on courtship with minimal influence from parents or other adults.…”
Section: Study Populationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To calculate co-residence we have censuses for 58 pre-contact Ache bands from interviews (Hill et al 2011). Census data spanned the time frame 1958-1970, yielding a total of 157 adult men sampled over this period.…”
Section: Calculating Co-residencementioning
confidence: 99%