CO₂ emissions and the steel industry’s available responses to the greenhouse effect

Reduction of the Specific Energy Use in an Integrated Steel Plant-The Effect of an Optimisation Model

“…When the total system is analysed, cases 8-10, it can be seen that the different effects are acting simultaneously and that the analysis for the total system proposes different operation modes (regarding material consumption and energy use) from those proposed by the analysis of the different effects alone. If all the constraints are released (cases [8][9], the optimal solution is not composed of the individual best cases (cases 1-7). For instance, the optimal solution when the blast furnace is analysed alone (cases 2, 4, 6 and 7) is found for case 7.…”

“…7) However, in order to make energy savings and CO 2 emission reductions at a specific plant, a total analysis method for the plant system in question is needed. Birat et al 8) have studied the CO 2 emission from the production of liquid steel from both the EAF and the BF/BOF route including some new process steps for producing hot metal. They have analysed the total system by calculating the total material consumption and energy use (including electricity) and the corresponding CO 2 emission resulting from the different production practices by using a total modelling approach.…”

CO2 emission reduction costs for iron ore-based steelmaking in Sweden

“…In the Midrex and HYL processes, natural gas is used as the reduction agent. A number of these so-called new steel production routes have been investigated by Birat et al [12].…”

Techno-economic analysis of a process for CO2-free coproduction of iron and hydrocarbon chemical products

“…The majority of the emissions (~1.8 tCO 2 / t crude steel average) come from the high temperature reduction of iron ore which today occurs through the oxidation of carbon feedstocks (e.g. coke) [5].…”