Co-Treatment of Purified Annatto Oil (Bixa orellana L.) and Its Granules (Chronic®) Improves the Blood Lipid Profile and Bone Protective Effects of Testosterone in the Orchiectomy-Induced Osteoporosis in Wistar Rats

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of co-treatment with purified annatto oil (PAO) or its granules (GRA, Chronic®) with that of testosterone on the orchiectomy-induced osteoporosis in Wistar rats. After surgery, rats were treated from day 7 until day 45 with testosterone only (TES, 7 mg/kg, IM) or TES + PAO or GRA (200 mg/kg, p.o.). The following parameters were evaluated: food/water intake, weight, HDL, LDL, glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), alkaline phosphatase levels, blood phosphorus and calcium contents, femur weight, structure (through scanning electron microscopy), and calcium content (through atomic absorption spectrophotometry). Our results show that orchiectomy could significantly change the blood lipid profile and decrease bone integrity parameters. Testosterone reposition alone could improve some endpoints, including LDL, TC, bone weight, and bone calcium concentration. However, other parameters were not significantly improved. Co-treatment with PAO or GRA improved the blood lipid profile and bone integrity more significantly and improved some endpoints not affected by testosterone reposition alone (such as TG levels and trabeculae sizes). The results suggest that co-treatment with annatto products improved the blood lipid profile and the anti-osteoporosis effects of testosterone. Overall, GRA had better results than PAO.

Effect of the Association of Fixed Oils from Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, Euterpe oleracea Martius, Bixa orellana Linné and Chronic SM® on Atherogenic Dyslipidemia in Wistar Rats

“…The animals were randomly divided into seven groups (n = 8 per group) and treated orally for 40 days: (1) treated with 0.5 mL of distilled water and 2 mL/day (GSC); (2) treated with vehicle 5% lecithin (VEI); (3) treated with simvastatin 20 mg/kg (SIN); (4) treated with 200 mg/kg of granules (CHR); (5) treated with 200 mg/kg (OFEO); (6) treated with 200 mg/kg (OFAE); (7) treated with 200 mg/kg (OFBO). The study carried out was based on the doses of previous works, thus substantiating the applied methodology [ 104 ].…”

Potential of the Compounds from Bixa orellana Purified Annatto Oil and Its Granules (Chronic®) against Dyslipidemia and Inflammatory Diseases: In Silico Studies with Geranylgeraniol and Tocotrienols

“…Considering the role of this enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, this could be a mechanism in which geranylgeraniol exerts its action. Our group reported that the treatment with geranylgeraniol improved blood lipid parameters; however, the molecule was not administrated alone but with tocotrienols [8]. Altogether, the in silico prediction with its known mechanism of action justifies future studies with this molecule alone in treating blood dyslipidemia in vivo.…”

“…It is believed that one of the main targets for the hypocholesterolemic activity of tocotrienols is HMG-CoA reductase. This enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis [31] and is also targeted by statins, although these molecules inhibit its activity in a different way [8]. As mentioned, there are some reports of HMGR inhibition by geranylgeraniol as well.…”

“…The samples were kindly provided by Ages Bioactive Compounds Co. (São Paulo-SP, Brazil). The batch analysis certificate is described as URU200401 (12 March 2020, expiration date: 22 March 2022), composition: bixin (1.7%), tocotrienols (9.59%), and geranylgeraniol (28.32%), as described by Matias Pereira et al [8].…”

“…Such health benefits can be at least partly due to the presence of tocotrienols and geranylgeraniol from its composition. Tocotrienols are unsaturated forms of vitamin E known for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and lipid-lowering activities, which are higher Molecules 2022, 27, 1584 2 of 35 than those from tocopherols-their saturated counterparts, also parts of the vitamin E group [8,9]. In turn, geranylgeraniol is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cholesterol, and it is believed to regulate the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-Coa) reductase negatively.…”