Co-trimoxazole (Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) An Updated Review of its Antibacterial Activity and Clinical Efficacy

Wormser, Gary P.; Keusch, Gerald T.; Heel, R. C.

doi:10.2165/00003495-198224060-00002

Cited by 99 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 351 publications

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“…A factor that may contribute to therapeutic failure and to the emergence of resistance is the relatively low concentrations of SMX attained in body fluids and secretions, with reported levels rarely achieving 25% of attainable values in serum (12). Previous studies have demonstrated a reduced occurrence of TMP resistance in previously susceptible organisms when TMP is combined with a sulfonamide, such as SMX (6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro susceptibilities of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to dapsone and sulfamethoxazole alone and in combination with trimethoprim

Lambertus

Kwok

Mulligan

1990

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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confidence: 99%

In vitro susceptibilities of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to dapsone and sulfamethoxazole alone and in combination with trimethoprim

Lambertus

Kwok

Mulligan

1990

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, it is the first antibiotic prescribed for the treatment of urinary tract infection (11). Folic acid producing bacteria are sensitive to this medicine; therefore, the drug stops their proliferation (12)(13)(14).The widespread use of this drug due to the low cost, fewer side effects, and availability have led to increased resistance to cotrimoxazole among urinary pathogens (15).The treatment of urinary tract infections can be often done on an experimental basis. An important principle in the treatment of such infections is the use of the results of the bacterial resistance patterns causing the infection.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Cotrimoxazole Resistance Uropathogenic Bacteria in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Rezaee

Ghafourian

Sayehmiri

et al. 2018

Arch Clin Infect Dis

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Context: Cotrimoxazole is one of the antibiotics commonly used to treat urinary tract infections. The widespread use of this drug has led to increased resistance to cotrimoxazole among urinary tract pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the cotrimoxazole resistance pattern of uropathogenic bacteria by a systematic review and meta-analysis method.Evidence Acquisition: Several databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Iran Medex, Magiran, IranDoc, MedLib, and SID were searched. From a total of 171 papers published from different regions of Iran from 1992 to May 2015, 67 were included in this study. To assess the quality of the study, the STROBE (strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology) checklist was employed. The I 2 index was used to determine heterogeneity and a random effects model to analyze the data. Results:The results showed that the prevalence of urinary tract infection was several times higher in women than in men. The most common pathogens causing urinary tract infections were E. coli 64%, Klebsiella 12%, Staphylococcus 10%, and Enterobacter (6%). The prevalence of cotrimoxazole resistance was as follows: E. coli 62% (95%CI: 60 -65), Klebsiella 54% (95% CI: 45 -62), Staphylococcus 55% (95% CI: 47 -63), and Enterobacter 52% (95% CI: 33 -70). Cotrimoxazole resistance in different studies varied from 22% in Arak to 88% in Ahvaz. Conclusions:Gram-negative bacilli, particularly Escherichia coli, were the most common bacteria causing urinary tract infections. The majority of strains were resistant to cotrimoxazole. According to the findings, cotrimoxazole is not recommended as the firstline drug for the treatment of urinary tract infections in Iran.Keywords: Urinary Tract Infections, Gram-Negative Bacteria, Gram-Positive Bacteria, Cotrimoxazole, Antimicrobial Resistance, Meta-Analysis ContextUrinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial infection with the high economic burden that affects a large number of populations. The range of clinical symptoms of the infection is different from asymptomatic bacteriuria to bladder inflammation, pyelonephritis, septic shock, and defects in several organs (1, 2). Both hospitalacquired and community-acquired urinary tract infections can lead to serious complications such as urinary tract disorders, uremia, hypertension, and even death (3). It is the most common infection among patients admitted to hospitals and laboratories. It can be observed in all age groups and in both genders although it is more likely to occur among young women (4). Studies have indicated that about 50% of women and 12% of men suffer from urinary tract infection throughout their life (5). Moreover, 20 -30% of women experience a recurrence of this infection during 6 -12 months (5, 6). Therefore, this is a major public health problem (7). Throughout the world, about 150 million people are diagnosed with a UTI each year (8). In most cases, bacterial agents, especially Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli, are the cause of t...

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“…Cotrimoxazole (a combination of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim in a ratio of 5 : l), is commonly used for the treatment of infectious diarrhoea. A synergistic bacteriocidal effect of the combination has been demonstrated in a wide variety of microorganisms [9]. Apart from its antimicrobial effect, cotrimoxazole has also been shown to inhibit the biotransformation of a number of drugs metabolised by the CYP 450 system, such as phenytoin [ 101 and warfarin [ 111.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased systemic availability of loperamide after oral administration of loperamide and loperamide oxide with cotrimoxazole

Kamali

Huang

1996

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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1 The effects of concurrent administration of cotrimoxazole on the plasma concentration-time profiles of loperamide and its oxide were investigated in two separate studies in healthy male volunteers. Cotrimoxazole (960 mg, twice daily) was administered for 24 h before and 48 h after an oral dose of loperamide oxide ( 4 mg) or loperamide (4 mg). 2 Coadministration of cotrimoxazole with loperamide oxide did not alter the t,,,, C,,, and AUC of loperamide oxide, whereas the C,,, (0.32 k0.14 ng ml-' without cotrimoxazole; 0.45 k 0.18 ng ml-' with cotrimoxazole; P < 0.05) and AUC (8.13 & 1.91 ng ml-' h without cotrimoxazole; 12.50f4.60 ng ml-' h with cotrimoxazole; P < 0.005) of loperamide were significantly increased. 3 Coadministration of cotrimoxazole with loperamide significantly increased the C, , , (0.74k0.22 ng ml-' without cotrimoxazole; 1.49k0.81 ng ml-' with cotrimoxazole; P < 0.01) and AUC ( 13.40 f 3.80 ng ml-I h without cotrimoxazole; 25.30+ 11.10 ng ml-I h with cotrimoxazole; P<0.005) of loperamide, whilst its t,,, and t1,2,z were not significantly altered. 4 The increase in loperamide AUC, following coadministration of either loperamide oxide or loperamide with cotrimoxazole, may be due to reduced first pass metabolism of loperamide.

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Co-trimoxazole (Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) An Updated Review of its Antibacterial Activity and Clinical Efficacy

Cited by 99 publications

References 351 publications

In vitro susceptibilities of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to dapsone and sulfamethoxazole alone and in combination with trimethoprim

In vitro susceptibilities of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to dapsone and sulfamethoxazole alone and in combination with trimethoprim

Prevalence of Cotrimoxazole Resistance Uropathogenic Bacteria in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Increased systemic availability of loperamide after oral administration of loperamide and loperamide oxide with cotrimoxazole

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