CO2 Diffusion Inside Photosynthetic Organs

Flexas, Jaume; Cano, Francisco Javier; Carriquí, Marc; Coopman, Rafael E.; Mizokami, Yusuke; Tholen, Danny; Xiong, Dongliang

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93594-2_7

Cited by 27 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 280 publications

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“…The complex relationship of leaf anatomy and g m is likely, in part, to be driven by the theoretical trade‐off between the leaf's photosynthetic capacity, stress tolerance, and longevity as defined by the leaf economic spectrum (Gago et al , ). A leaf with a high LMA due to strengthening and thickening of mesophyll cell walls could lead to a decrease in g m (Flexas et al , ; Nadal et al , ). For example, an increase in T CW correlates negatively with g m (Onoda et al , ; Veromann‐Jürgenson et al , ; Ellsworth et al , ).…”

Section: Gm In C3 Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The importance of g m for accurately modelling net rates of CO 2 assimilation and understanding how photosynthesis responds to changing environmental factors has been summarized in several recent reviews (Parkhurst, 1994;Flexas et al, 2008Flexas et al, , 2016Flexas et al, , 2018Pons et al, 2009). Additionally, there have been several recent reviews on: (i) how leaf biochemical and anatomical factors influence g m , (ii) the limitation for estimating g m , which cannot be directly measured, and (iii) how factors impact our understanding and interpretation of how g m responds to changing environmental conditions Flexas et al, 2009;Tholen et al, 2012).…”

Section: General Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent developments in mesophyll conductance in C3, C4, and crassulacean acid metabolism plants

Mullendore

Sonawane

2020

The Plant Journal

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Summary The conductance of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the substomatal cavities to the initial sites of CO2 fixation (gm) can significantly reduce the availability of CO2 for photosynthesis. There have been many recent reviews on: (i) the importance of gm for accurately modelling net rates of CO2 assimilation, (ii) on how leaf biochemical and anatomical factors influence gm, (iii) the technical limitation of estimating gm, which cannot be directly measured, and (iv) how gm responds to long‐ and short‐term changes in growth and measurement environmental conditions. Therefore, this review will highlight these previous publications but will attempt not to repeat what has already been published. We will instead initially focus on the recent developments on the two‐resistance model of gm that describe the potential of photorespiratory and respiratory CO2 released within the mitochondria to diffuse directly into both the chloroplast and the cytosol. Subsequently, we summarize recent developments in the three‐dimensional (3‐D) reaction‐diffusion models and 3‐D image analysis that are providing new insights into how the complex structure and organization of the leaf influences gm. Finally, because most of the reviews and literature on gm have traditionally focused on C3 plants we review in the final sections some of the recent developments, current understanding and measurement techniques of gm in C4 and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants. These plants have both specialized leaf anatomy and either a spatially or temporally separated CO2 concentrating mechanisms (C4 and CAM, respectively) that influence how we interpret and estimate gm compared with a C3 plants.

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Section: Gm In C3 Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent developments in mesophyll conductance in C3, C4, and crassulacean acid metabolism plants

Mullendore

Sonawane

2020

The Plant Journal

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“…The functions in Equation (6) represent responses of g m to environmental factors on instantaneous (minutes) to intermediate (days to months) time scales that were often reported throughout the literature [Figure ; see Flexas et al () and Flexas et al () for a literature review and Sun et al () and Knauer et al () for a model‐oriented review on these responses]. f L reflects changes of leaf structure and associated decreases of maximum g m within the canopy.…”

Section: Implementation Of Mesophyll Conductance Into Lsmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The inverse value of g m , the mesophyll resistance ( r m = 1/ g m ) can be expressed as the sum of several resistances in series in both the gaseous and liquid phase within the leaf: the intercellular airspaces, the cell wall, the plasma membrane, the cytosol, the chloroplast envelope, and the chloroplast stroma (Evans et al , ; Terashima et al , ). These individual resistances are, to different extents, controlled by both leaf anatomical and biochemical determinants (Flexas et al , ). The thickness of the cell wall and the chloroplast area attached to the intercellular airspaces ( S c ) have been identified as important anatomical predictors of g m (Evans et al , ; Tomás et al , ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesophyll conductance in land surface models: effects on photosynthesis and transpiration

et al. 2019

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Summary The CO2 transfer conductance within plant leaves (mesophyll conductance, gm) is currently not considered explicitly in most land surface models (LSMs), but instead treated implicitly as an intrinsic property of the photosynthetic machinery. Here, we review approaches to overcome this model deficiency by explicitly accounting for gm, which comprises the re‐adjustment of photosynthetic parameters and a model describing the variation of gm in dependence of environmental conditions. An explicit representation of gm causes changes in the response of photosynthesis to environmental factors, foremost leaf temperature, and ambient CO2 concentration, which are most pronounced when gm is small. These changes in leaf‐level photosynthesis translate into a stronger climate and CO2 response of gross primary productivity (GPP) and transpiration at the global scale. The results from two independent studies show consistent latitudinal patterns of these effects with biggest differences in GPP in the boreal zone (up to ~15%). Transpiration and evapotranspiration show spatially similar, but attenuated, changes compared with GPP. These changes are indirect effects of gm caused by the assumed strong coupling between stomatal conductance and photosynthesis in current LSMs. Key uncertainties in these simulations are the variation of gm with light and the robustness of its temperature response across plant types and growth conditions. Future research activities focusing on the response of gm to environmental factors and its relation to other plant traits have the potential to improve the representation of photosynthesis in LSMs and to better understand its present and future role in the Earth system.

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“…Stomata evolved to regulate gas exchange in and out of the leaf (Hetherington and Woodward, 2003;Berry et al, 2010;Chater et al, 2017), but many foliar pathogens take advantage of these chinks in the leaf cuticular armor to infect prospective hosts (Zeng et al, 2010;McLachlan et al, 2014;Melotto et al, 2017). The stomatal and mesophyll conductance to CO 2 are two major limits to photosynthesis (Flexas et al, 2018;Lawson et al, 2018) that are partially determined by stomatal anatomy. Since CO 2 conductance limits photosynthesis (Farquhar and Sharkey, 1982;Jones, 1985) and pathogen infection can reduce fitness (Gilbert, 2002), this sets up a potential tradeoff between increased photosynthesis and defense against pathogens mediated by stomatal anatomy (McKown et al, 2014;Dutton et al, 2019;Fetter et al, 2019;Tateda et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Stomatal Model of Anatomical Tradeoffs Between Gas Exchange and Pathogen Colonization

Muir

2020

Front. Plant Sci.

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Stomatal pores control leaf gas exchange and are one route for infection of internal plant tissues by many foliar pathogens, setting up the potential for tradeoffs between photosynthesis and pathogen colonization. Anatomical shifts to lower stomatal density and/or size may also limit pathogen colonization, but such developmental changes could permanently reduce the gas exchange capacity for the life of the leaf. I developed and analyzed a spatially explicit model of pathogen colonization on the leaf as a function of stomatal size and density, anatomical traits which partially determine maximum rates of gas exchange. The model predicts greater stomatal size or density increases the probability of colonization, but the effect is most pronounced when the fraction of leaf surface covered by stomata is low. I also derived scaling relationships between stomatal size and density that preserves a given probability of colonization. These scaling relationships set up a potential anatomical conflict between limiting pathogen colonization and minimizing the fraction of leaf surface covered by stomata. Although a connection between gas exchange and pathogen defense has been suggested empirically, this is the first mathematical model connecting gas exchange and pathogen defense via stomatal anatomy. A limitation of the model is that it does not include variation in innate immunity and stomatal closure in response to pathogens. Nevertheless, the model makes predictions that can be tested with experiments and may explain variation in stomatal size and density among plants. The model is generalizable to many types of pathogens, but lacks significant biological realism that may be needed for precise predictions.

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CO2 Diffusion Inside Photosynthetic Organs

Cited by 27 publications

References 280 publications

Recent developments in mesophyll conductance in C3, C4, and crassulacean acid metabolism plants

Recent developments in mesophyll conductance in C3, C4, and crassulacean acid metabolism plants

Mesophyll conductance in land surface models: effects on photosynthesis and transpiration

A Stomatal Model of Anatomical Tradeoffs Between Gas Exchange and Pathogen Colonization

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