“…For example, the HOR activity on noble metals (e.g., Pt, Pd, and Ir) drops approximately 100-fold when the electrolyte switches from acid to base (4,(6)(7)(8). Attempting to address these limitations, several strategies have been developed for low-cost and high-performance alkaline HOR electrocatalysts, such as alloying two metals (9)(10)(11)(12), preparing core-shell structures (13)(14)(15), engineering hybrid nanostructures (8,16,17), tuning crystalline structures of metals (18,19), among others (20). Despite the great progress mentioned above in promoting the HOR activity, it is still a great challenge to precisely design cost-effective electrocatalysts with highly efficient active sites for alkaline HOR.…”