Coagulation factors, inflammation markers, and venous thromboembolism: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology (LITE)

Associations of the β-fibrinogen Hae III and factor XIII Val34Leu gene variants with venous thrombosis

“…They concluded that this may be due to cumulative age-related risk factors. In the LITE study consisting only of those above age 45, elevated fibrinogen, even at extreme levels, was not a VT risk factor in our previous report [18] and in updated data here.…”

“…Elevated fibrinogen levels may increase the risk of VT, though this has not been observed consistently [13,18,19]. The fibrinogen -455 G/A polymorphism is located on the β chain in the promoter region and has been associated with higher fibrinogen levels [14,20,21].…”

Fibrin fragment D-dimer and the risk of future venous thrombosis

“…7 However, none of these factors were associated with the risk of venous thrombosis in the LITE population, and none were confounders of the D-dimer association with venous thromboembolism. 28 Third, because fibrinolytic factors, such as plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tissue plasminogen activator, are not generally considered risk factors for venous thrombosis, 29,30 it is likely that higher D-dimer reflects increased fibrin formation rather than fibrinolytic reactivity. Our findings and those of others [5][6][7][8][9][11][12][13] would support further study of phenotypic and genotypic determinants of fibrin formation.…”

Inherited Risk Factors for Venous Thrombosis

“…24 Considering levels of factors VIII, IX, XI, fibrinogen, homocysteine, anticoagulant factor deficiencies (proteins C, S and antithrombin), factor V Leiden and prothrombin 20210A, only elevated fibrinogen (> 4.1 g/L) and anticoagulant deficiencies were associated with an elevated recurrence risk (relative risks 1.7 and 1.8, respectively). It is debatable whether elevated fibrinogen is a risk factor for first VT. 25 In a recent 5.6 year study of families with thrombosis attributed to factor V Leiden or deficiencies of anticoagulant proteins, antithrombin deficiency was associated with the highest incidence of recurrent VT (10.5% yearly), and factor V Leiden the lowest incidence (3.5% yearly). 26 In general it is likely that patients with thrombophilic defects who belong to families with a thrombosis history are more likely to have recurrence than unselected patients with thrombophilic defects.…”