Coal deposition in the Noric Depression (Eastern Alps): raised and low-lying mires in Miocene pull-apart basins

Miocene depositional environment and climate in western Europe: The lignite deposits of the Lower Rhine Basin, Germany

“…Evidence gathered from the GI-TPI-plots do not exclude a permanently water-covered depositional environment for all three seams, with GI-values usually higher than 1, but still paired with low TPIvalues. As high GI-values are usually an indication towards wetter conditions and increased bacterial activity (Dehmer, 1989), they at least might indicate periods of increased topotrophic peat deposition, or at least topotrophic deposition within a raised mire environment in the form of a lake (e.g., Gruber and Sachsenhofer, 2001). In summary, the overall low ash and GWI values suggest nutrient depleted depositional conditions which typically occur in raised bogs.…”

Properties and depositional environment of the Neogene Elhovo Lignite, Bulgaria

“…Gruber and Sachsenhofer, 2001). In the Elhovo basin the lignite is characterized by high ash yields (Table 1).…”

A Comparison of Maceral and Microlithotype Indices for Interpretation of Coals in the Samarinda Area, Lower Kutai Basin, Indonesia

“…The VI is a measure of vegetation type by contrasting the macerals of forest affinity with those of herbaceous and marginal aquatic affinity. Later on, those indices were adapted to assess the development of paleomires in different areas, for example [38,40].…”