Coal Rank Classification

Chaudhuri, Shankar Nath

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40871-7_99-1

Cited by 1 publication

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“…Solid fossil fuels can be characterized based on their degree of carbonization or coalification, the natural evolution process of buried plant matter into dense, dry, carbon-rich, hard material due to heat and pressure acting over time [25]. The degree of coalification determines the coal rank, of which there are four major types: lignite, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, and anthracite, while peat is considered the precursor to coal.…”

Section: Solid Fuel Typesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle-resolved optical diagnostics of solid fuel combustion for clean power generation: a review

Li,

Geschwindner,

Dreizler

et al. 2023

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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Chemical energy carriers are crucial for addressing challenges that arise from the time lag, large distances, and temporal fluctuations in renewable energy production, which lead to unbalanced energy production and demand. However, the thermochemical utilization of chemical energy carriers such as solid fuels must be widely decarbonized to achieve a climate-neutral circular economy, despite remaining important for reliable electricity generation and stable economics. To accomplish this, extensive fundamental research is required to understand the underlying chemical and physical processes that can potentially be realized on an industrial scale. This paper reviews optical diagnostics used for particle-level combustion studies for clean power generation applications. Specifically, we focus on particle-resolved optical experiments for oxy-fuel coal combustion, biomass combustion, and utilization of iron in a regenerative oxidation-reduction scheme. We summarize previous studies categorized by the type of fuels, used reactors, investigated parameters, and experimental methodology. To provide a shared understanding, phenomenological aspects of the multistage combustion process at the particle level are outlined using examples of bituminous coal and iron particle burning in hot gas, respectively. A selection of experimental studies is highlighted, with a particular methodological focus on the measurement of relevant quantities at the particle level. These representative examples address relevant parameters, including particle number density, particle size and shape, surface temperature, ignition and combustion time, gas flame structure, gas temperature and species, nanoparticle formation, gas velocity, and particle dynamics. Finally, open issues and unsolved problems that require further effort to improve diagnostics for solid fuel combustion studies are discussed.

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Section: Solid Fuel Typesmentioning

confidence: 99%