Coarse Scale Simulation in Tight Gas Reservoirs

Abstract

It is common for field models of tight gas reservoirs to include several wells with hydraulic fractures. These hydraulic fractures can be very long, extending for more than a thousand feet. A hydraulic fracture width is usually no more than about 0.02 ft. The combination of the above factors leads to the conclusion that there is a need to model hydraulic fractures in coarse grid blocks for these field models since it may be impractical to simulate these models using fine grids. In this paper, a method was developed to simulate a reservoir model with a single hydraulic fracture that passes through several coarse gridblocks. This method was tested and a numerical error was quantified that occurs at early time due to the use of coarse grid blocks. Introduction A single hydraulic fracture is conventionally modelled for research purposes using fine grids. In actual field models of tight gas reservoirs, there are several wells with hydraulic fractures (see Figure 1). These hydraulic fractures are usually very long. They can extend in length to more than a thousand feet. These long hydraulic fractures extend for several gridblocks in a simulation model (Figure 1). Therefore, it is very difficult to use fine grids to simulate these actual field models. Some authors(1, 2) suggested the replacement of the hydraulic fracture by an effective wellbore radius, but this technique is only valid when the hydraulic fracture does not extend beyond the boundaries of one gridblock. There were also attempts by another group of authors(3–5) to modify transmissibility multipliers of the gridblocks, which contain hydraulic fractures. However, these attempts were done for hydraulically fractured horizontal wells. In addition, these attempts were based on empirical rules that had no basic theory behind them. In this paper, the means to model hydraulic fractures in coarse gridblocks are demonstrated. Pseudo-permeability values were used to account for the hydraulic fracture passing through the coarse gridblock. Several simulated cases were shown in this paper and compared to rigorous analytical solutions to prove the validity of the method proposed. An alternative way to model hydraulic fractures in coarse gridblocks (also based on theory), developed by Elahmady(6) but not discussed in this paper, was to modify the transmissibility multipliers of the gridblocks that contain the hydraulic fracture. Elahmady(6) cautioned that there are different ways to use transmissibility multipliers depending on the kind of simulator that is used. The authors would like to note that during the course of their study they were aware of the work by Peaceman(7, 8) where the calculated pressures in gridblocks containing wells, pwb must be corrected to formation face pressure, pwf. Peaceman's(7) equation is programmed into any conventional reservoir simulator for the case of radial flow. Elahmady(6) repeated Peaceman's(7) numerical experiments, but for linear flow (which is the focus of this paper) instead of radial flow, and reached a conclusion that pwf = pwb for the case of linear flow.

Advancing Reservoir Simulation Capabilities for Tight Gas Reservoirs

“…Various methods have been attempted to numerically simulate hydraulic fractures in large reservoir models while using fewer grids than are used in explicit fracture modeling (El-Ahmady andWattenbarger 2004 andIwere et al 2006). These representations and brief descriptions are listed below.…”

Type Curve Techniques for Hydraulically Fractured Wells in Tight Gas Reservoir

“…As much as the LGR approach is effective, we shall also skim through two approaches that use the principle of steady state. The Pseudo -K approach, proposed by El-Ahmady (2004) is based on the principle that permeabilities increase in most simulation cells which are adjoining well perforations representing most hydraulic fractures [3]. Another approach using the steady state principle is the Well Index approach proposed by Nghiem (1983) and revised by Abacioglu, Sebastian et al (2009) where in the hydraulic fractures are treated as a part of the well.…”

From High Perm Oil To Tight Gas - A Practical Approach To Model Hydraulically Fractured Well Performance In Coarse Grid Reservoir Simulators

“…Use of relationships to calculate equivalent fractured well skin for pseudo steady state (Cinco-Ley & Samaniego-V, 1981) 2. Use of pseudo-permeabilities in blocks intersected by fracture wings (Elahmady & Wattenbarger, 2006) 3. Modifying well productivity index (PI) 4.…”