Coarsening of AA6013-T6 Precipitates During Sheet Warm Forming Applications

Ciano, Massimo Di; DiCecco, Sante; Esmaeili, Shahrzad; Wells, Mary A.; Worswick, Michael J.

doi:10.1007/s11665-018-3161-9

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 28 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…range of aluminium alloys suitable for hot forming in European patent EP3359699 [15,16]. These alloys undergo solution heat treatment during the elevated temperature forming process; following quenching and subsequent aging treatments it is possible to produce complex geometries with high strength, able to replace steel structures.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other alloys such as AA6061 and AA6111 have been shown to exhibit improved formability when combined with warm deep drawing [13,14]. AA6013 has also been demonstrated to be suitable within warm forming operations, and AA6010 is listed within a range of aluminium alloys suitable for hot forming in European patent EP3359699 [15,16]. These alloys undergo solution heat treatment during the elevated temperature forming process; following quenching and subsequent aging treatments it is possible to produce complex geometries with high strength, able to replace steel structures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Identifying Optimal Hot Forming Conditions for AA6010 Alloy by Means of Elevated Temperature Tensile Testing

Taylor

Dhara

Slater

et al. 2022

Metals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

AA6010 in the F temper was investigated using a Gleeble 3800 test rig across a range of temperatures (350–550 °C) and strain rates (1 × 10−1 s−1 1 × 101 s−1) to identify optimal forming conditions. Post-forming electron back-scattered diffraction analysis was conducted to identify the mechanisms responsible for the material formability. Optimal forming conditions were observed to be 500 °C and a strain rate of 1 × 10−1 s−1, with clear evidence of dynamic recrystallisation observed, this being the dominant mechanism responsible for the increased formability. Peak yield strength of 335 MPa was achieved using a rapid aging treatment of 205 °C for one hour.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying Optimal Hot Forming Conditions for AA6010 Alloy by Means of Elevated Temperature Tensile Testing

Taylor

Dhara

Slater

et al. 2022

Metals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The sample width was nominally 6 mm. Further sample details are given in [21]. Virtual extensometers using DIC techniques were used to measure strain histories over each test.…”

Section: Warm Constitutive Response Of Pa and T76 Tempersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Initial Temper on the Warm Forming Characteristics of a High Strength 7000-series Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy

DiCecco

Ciano

Butcher

et al. 2022

IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this work, the formability of a developmental 7000-series copper containing aluminium alloy was assessed at room temperature (RT), 150°C, 175°C and 200°C in pre-aged (PA), peak-aged (T6) and overaged (T76) tempers using Nakazima tests with stereoscopic digital image correlation (DIC) strain measurement. The limit strains were identified using a novel curvature-based approach to detect the formation of an acute neck. The tensile mechanical properties in these warm forming processing routes were characterized with and without a paint bake cycle. Finally, a thermo-mechanical tensile simulator was used to evaluate the constitutive response of the PA and T76 tempers as a function of strain-rate and time at 175°C. Formability results found the selected PA temper to have a good room temperature formability and a mild positive response to the selected warm-forming cycles. The T6 and T76 tempers both exhibited increases in formability in response to warm forming. The PA temper had a significant positive response to short-duration warm forming and subsequent paint baking, with the yield strength increasing from 420 MPa to 512 MPa following this thermal cycle. For the T6 temper, the warm-forming cycle showed a trend characteristic of retrogression and re-aging, with the warm-forming cycle dropping the yield strength from 566 MPa to 534 MPa and the subsequent paint-bake re-aging to 554 MPa. The effect of aging during pre-heating prior to warm forming on the warm constitutive response of the PA and T76 tempers was also investigated. Both tempers exhibited rather different aging responses to short-duration thermal cycles. In the PA temper, this manifested as an increase in at-temperature yield strength and loss of hardening rate. In contrast, the T76 temper exhibited a drop in strength since this temper is already over-aged prior to warm forming. Both the PA and T76 tempers showed comparable at-temperature strain-rate sensitivity.

show abstract

Warm Aging of Pre-aged AA6013 Sheet and Its Relevance to Room Temperature and Warm Forming Applications—Experimental and Modeling Analyses

DiCecco

Ciano

Baghbanaghaie

et al. 2023

J. of Materi Eng and Perform

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Warm forming has been shown to be an effective way to increase the formability of various aluminum sheet alloys. If applied to precipitation hardenable alloys, aging and/or coarsening may occur during heating and/or forming processes. As such, there is a potential to leverage the warm forming process to artificially age precipitation hardenable alloys. In this study, the aging characteristics of a pre-aged Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy (designated AA6013-PA and comprising a 4 h, 100 °C pre-aging cycle following solutionization) were examined using: (i) room temperature tensile and (ii) bendability experiments, as well as (iii) elevated temperature tensile and formability experiments in the temperature range of 220-280 °C. In the pre-aged condition, the alloy exhibited very high work hardening, elongation and bendability. It was found that T6-like properties can be obtained with short duration secondary aging of the AA6013-PA starting temper (410 s at 235 °C), followed by a paint bake cycle (30 min at 177 °C). In such heavily aged conditions, the bendability is found to be moderate and consistent with a T6 temper. Bendability of the pre-aged alloy is shown to be enhanced by reducing the extent of aging, which may be beneficial for applications requiring energy absorption during crash, for example. In the pre-aged condition, AA6013 displayed a 55% improvement in room temperature formability, relative to the T6 condition, for near plane-strain loading using a Nakazima punch, although neither temper exhibited formability improvements through warm forming. The aging kinetics of AA6013-PA were determined from mechanical test data and used to calibrate an aging kinetics model. A strong obstacle model was used to relate precipitation state to yield strength, for artificial aging in the range 220-280 °C. The incremental strength increase due to exposure to an automotive paint cure cycle was also modeled and found to yield accurate results. Warm deformation, as well as room temperature deformation, were shown to enhance the paint bake response of the alloy, reducing the time to the peak aged condition by up to 14% for artificial aging at 177 °C.

show abstract

Coarsening of AA6013-T6 Precipitates During Sheet Warm Forming Applications

Cited by 3 publications

References 28 publications

Identifying Optimal Hot Forming Conditions for AA6010 Alloy by Means of Elevated Temperature Tensile Testing

Identifying Optimal Hot Forming Conditions for AA6010 Alloy by Means of Elevated Temperature Tensile Testing

Effect of Initial Temper on the Warm Forming Characteristics of a High Strength 7000-series Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy

Warm Aging of Pre-aged AA6013 Sheet and Its Relevance to Room Temperature and Warm Forming Applications—Experimental and Modeling Analyses

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About