Coastal and Indigenous community access to marine resources and the ocean: A policy imperative for Canada

Bennett, Nathan; Kaplan-Hallam, Maery; Augustine, Gerry; Ban, Natalie C.; Belhabib, Dyhia; Brueckner-Irwin, Irene; Charles, Anthony; Couture, J. M.; Eger, Sondra; Fanning, Lucia; Foley, Paul; Goodfellow, Anne; Greba, Larry; Gregr, Edward J.; Hall, Don; Harper, Sarah; Maloney, Brandon; McIsaac, Jim; Ou, Wanli; Pinkerton, Evelyn; Porter, Darren; Sparrow, Richard; Stephenson, Robert L.; Stocks, Allison; Sumaila, U. Rashid; Sutcliffe, Tasha; Bailey, Megan

doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.10.023

Cited by 95 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…This distinction is conceptually important because it puts coastal community resilience and well‐being into perspective and asserts that they are related to but more than landings and revenue alone. This begins to get at why Bennett et al (, p. 187) argue that ‘access to ocean and coastal territories is essential for cultural continuity – including traditional management and harvesting practices, inter‐generational transfer of knowledge, and consumption, trade or sale of local and culturally significant species’. In addition to conceptual advance, the distinction is also pragmatic in that it attests to the applicability of evaluation frameworks that incorporate access as a human dimension or social indicator (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the distribution of fisheries benefits is related to but distinct from the distribution of opportunities to derive benefits from fish and other marine resources . This distinction offers perspective on access as a pre‐condition for coastal community resilience and well‐being (Bennett et al, ). Moreover, and, as frameworks by Breslow et al () and Stephenson, Paul, et al ()), Stephenson, Wiber, et al ()) seek to capture, it connects access to a specific trade‐off introduced by limited entry: while vessel‐scale landings, revenue and predictability may stabilize for some, others will exit fishing altogether and a proportion of those who remain will experience altered and/or constrained opportunity.…”

Section: Licences and Licensing Within Fisheries Management Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this paper, we ask how licences and licensing relate to access, itself a broader concept defined as the opportunity to derive benefits from resources and that draws attention to how institutions and social structures enable and constrain different individuals and groups (Ribot & Peluso, ). This is an important question for fisheries research and evaluation because access is said to be a pre‐condition for coastal community resilience and well‐being (Bennett et al, ) and because access features as a human dimension or social indicator in a number of proposed evaluation frameworks (e.g. Breslow et al, ; Stephenson, Paul, et al, ; Stephenson, Wiber, et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

How do commercial fishing licences relate to access?

Silver

Stoll

2019

Fish and Fisheries

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Commercial fishing licences are central to fisheries management systems. They define and allocate harvest rights, place rules upon authorized harvesters and, in some cases, require holders to pay user fees. In this paper, we ask how licences and licensing relate to access, itself a broader concept defined as the opportunity to derive benefits from resources and that draws attention to how institutions and social structures enable and constrain different individuals and groups. Using published literature, reports and publicly available licence data for fisheries off of British Columbia, Canada, we overview licensing history and examine all major commercial licence types in the jurisdiction. Using a network approach, we also describe the diverse suite of licence portfolios held in 2017. Results show that there were 6,563 commercial fishing licences registered by 2,377 unique holders, including a handful that hold ‘access‐rich’ and a much larger number who hold ‘access‐constrained’ portfolios. The literature review and analysis support two broadly applicable conclusions. First, that licensing history shapes access and that limited entry policies continue to influence who benefits from fisheries resources well beyond implementation. Second, that analysing licence holdings suggests business strategies and fishing prospects available to different harvesters and other commercial fisheries participants in a jurisdiction. In response to demand for greater attention to human dimensions and to the perception that indicators are challenging to develop and integrate, we advance conceptual thinking and practical approaches relevant to fisheries research and evaluation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Licences and Licensing Within Fisheries Management Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How do commercial fishing licences relate to access?

Silver

Stoll

2019

Fish and Fisheries

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“…The importance of recognizing linkages among culture, and mental and physical well-being are underscored by contemporary challenges in improving health measures in Aboriginal groups worldwide [e.g., Canada (Bennett et al, 2018) and Australia (Burgess et al, 2005), or see Stephens et al, 2006;Axelsson et al, 2016 for global reviews]. Ahead of colonialization, the dependency of these groups upon a healthy environment was reflected in a strong stewardship ethic, via active management of their natural resources.…”

Section: Quality Of Life Through Restoring "Lost Connections" To Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introducing Relational Values as a Tool for Shark Conservation, Science, and Management

2019

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Relational values (RV) are values that arise from a relationship with nature, encompassing a sense of place, feelings of well-being (mental and physical health), and cultural, community, or personal identities. With sharks, such values are formed by diverse groups that interact with these animals and their ecosystems, either physically or virtually, whether a scientist, student, fisher, or media-viewer. Further, these user groups may overlap or come into conflict over management plans, media portrayals of sharks, and their conservation status. Although scientists have not explicitly aimed to assess RV through sharks, qualitative studies of shark fishers, tourism operators, tourists, and the public, as well as historical and archeological accounts, can be interpreted through an analytical lens to reveal values which can also be defined as relational. To this end, this review considers studies capturing RV alongside those of economic value (increasingly, the value of a shark is appraised by their financial value in shark tourism) and the social and cultural roles of sharks. Based on these studies and the broader RV literature, we then outline a workflow for how RV can be leveraged in scientific inquiry, equitable resource management, and education. We conclude that via collaborative assessments of RV, with implicit inclusion of multiple values of sharks and by acknowledging their importance to all parties involved in user conflicts, the RV framework can lead to a constructive dialog on polarizing conservation and management issues. By illuminating shared values, and/or revealing dichotomies of values ascribed toward certain areas or objects, this framework can provide inroads to mediation, seeking to conserve or even restore relationships with nature, and their derived values as much as is possible. This approach can yield unexpected knowledge, solutions, and compromises in an increasingly complex conservation landscape.

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“…More than 75% of the province's five million residents live within 50 km of the coast. For millennia, First Nations have relied upon marine ecosystems and resources for food, social, and ceremonial benefits, and these resources continue to play a critical role in communities throughout BC [13]. Extractive activities including fishing and forestry remain vital to BC's economy but impose pressures on the marine ecosystems and compete with recreational, cultural, and spiritual ocean uses [14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in ocean health in British Columbia from 2001 to 2016

et al. 2020

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Effective management of marine systems requires quantitative tools that can assess the state of the marine social-ecological system and are responsive to management actions and pressures. We applied the Ocean Health Index (OHI) framework to retrospectively assess ocean health in British Columbia annually from 2001 to 2016 for eight goals that represent the values of British Columbia's coastal communities. We found overall ocean health improved over the study period, from 75 (out of 100) in 2001 to 83 in 2016, with scores for inhabited regions ranging from 68 (North Coast, 2002) to 87 (West Vancouver Island, 2011). Highest-scoring goals were Tourism & Recreation (average 94 over the period) and Habitat Services (100); lowest-scoring goals were Sense of Place (61) and Food Provision (64). Significant increases in scores over the time period occurred for Food Provision (+1.7 per year), Sense of Place (+1.4 per year), and Coastal Livelihoods (+0.6 per year), while Habitat Services (-0.01 per year) and Biodiversity (-0.09 per year) showed modest but statistically significant declines. From the results of our time-series analysis, we used the OHI framework to evaluate impacts of a range of management actions. Despite challenges in data availability, we found evidence for the ability of management to reduce pressures on several goals, suggesting the potential of OHI as a tool for assessing the effectiveness of marine resource management to improve ocean health. Our OHI assessment provides an important comprehensive evaluation of ocean health in British Columbia, and our open and transparent process highlights opportunities for improving accessibility of social and ecological data to inform future assessment and management of ocean health.

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Coastal and Indigenous community access to marine resources and the ocean: A policy imperative for Canada

Cited by 95 publications

References 42 publications

How do commercial fishing licences relate to access?

How do commercial fishing licences relate to access?

Introducing Relational Values as a Tool for Shark Conservation, Science, and Management

Changes in ocean health in British Columbia from 2001 to 2016

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