Coastal Salt Marshes

Frey, Robert W.; Basan, Paul B.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-0056-4_4

Cited by 98 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…By comparison, BGB persisted throughout the entire 2.5-year experiment. Furthermore, substrate shear strength, and therefore its resistance to erosion, is enhanced by the network of roots and rhizomes (i.e., BGB) that bind marsh sediments (Frey & Basan 1985). This is consistent with the positive relationship between BGB and average bed elevation found in the present study.…”

Section: Sediment Deposition and Remobilisationsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…were introduced to estuaries in North America (west coast), Europe, Asia, and Australasia from the early 1900s (Kriwoken & Hedge 2000) to reclaim intertidal flats, reduce shoreline erosion, and provide stock grazing (Bascand 1970;Hubbard & Partridge 1981;Gray et al 1991;Kirby 1994). Spartina can colonise intertidal flats below the elevation of most other salt marsh species, attenuate waves and currents (e.g., Knutson et al 1982;Leonard & Luther 1995;Moller et al 1999), and thereby accumulate sediments (Stumpf 1983;Frey & Basan 1985). Spartina colonisation has often been followed by large-scale natural dieback (Partridge 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is because dense arrays of stems (Swales et al 2004) effectively attenuate wave energy (Knutson et al 1982) so that Spartina patches are effective sediment traps (Gleason et al 1979); and (3) sediment remobilisation rates from decomposing Spartina patches are likely to be influenced by changes in below-ground biomass. This is because substrate shear strength is usually enhanced by the roots and rhizomes that bind marsh sediments (Frey & Basan 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sediment remobilisation from decomposing cordgrass (Spartina anglica) patches on a wave‐exposed intertidal flat

Swales¹,

Ovenden²,

MacDonald³

et al. 2005

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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Concerns about the potential adverse effects of Spartina invasion on New Zealand estuaries, such as habitat loss and degradation, have led to herbicide use to control its spread. An experiment was conducted in the Manukau Harbour (New Zealand) to determine sediment remobilisation rates (ΔE) from herbicide-treated S. anglica patches. Paired treatment and control patches (<25 m diam.) were monitored at two sites 500 m apart with different wave exposures. Above-(AGB) and belowground (BGB) biomass decomposition and AE were determined from repeat surveys over c. 2.5 years. Work done by waves (W), which integrates waveenergy dissipation at the bed over time, was used as a surrogate measure of sediment transport potential. Complete AGB loss occurred in both treated patches within 3 months of initial herbicide application, whereas BGB (a matrix of roots and rhizomes) persisted much longer. An exponential decay model (r 2 = 0.6) fitted to the site-two treatment data predicted an c. 85% reduction in BGB after 5 years, whereas the BGB changes for the larger and more heterogeneous site-one treatment were more complex. BGB was a better predictor of average bed elevation than AGB in multiple regression models and, although bed elevation decreased through time and with waves, BGB was positively related to bed elevation at both sites. AE was similar for both treatment patches (c. 0.05 and c. 0.06 m yr -1 , P < 0.001, r 2 0.97) and complete sediment loss was predicted to occur within 6-10 years. The site-one control patch accumulated sediment (0.01 m yr -1 , P < 0.001, r 2 = 0.81) whereas the more wave-exposed site-two control eroded (0.01 m yr -1 , P = 0.0017, r 2 = 0.61). The potential for adverse sediment effects resulting from Spartina control at wave-exposed sites will be minimal if the treated areas are small relative to the size of the estuary.

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Section: Sediment Deposition and Remobilisationsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sediment remobilisation from decomposing cordgrass (Spartina anglica) patches on a wave‐exposed intertidal flat

Swales¹,

Ovenden²,

MacDonald³

et al. 2005

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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“…In an S. alterniflora marsh in the USA, wave height decreased by 71% over a distance of 20 m (Frey and Basan 1985). In Chesapeake Bay, Knuston et al (1982) found that waves lost all their energy over a marsh distance of 30 m. In the present study, we found that the tide-averaged significant wave height had decreased by 30% across the first 7.5 m of marsh, by 51% across the first 20 m of marsh, and by 79% across the first 51 m of marsh.…”

Section: Marsh Distance Required For Wave Elimination In S Alterniflmentioning

confidence: 98%

Wave Attenuation at a Salt Marsh Margin: A Case Study of an Exposed Coast on the Yangtze Estuary

Yang

Shi

Bouma

et al. 2011

Estuaries and Coasts

141

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To quantify wave attenuation by (introduced) Spartina alterniflora vegetation at an exposed macrotidal coast in the Yangtze Estuary, China, wave parameters and water depth were measured during 13 consecutive tides at nine locations ranging from 10 m seaward to 50 m landward of the low marsh edge. During this period, the incident wave height ranged from <0.1 to 1.5 m, the maximum of which is much higher than observed in other marsh areas around the world. Our measurements and calculations showed that the wave attenuation rate per unit distance was 1 to 2 magnitudes higher over the marsh than over an adjacent mudflat. Although the elevation gradient of the marsh margin was significantly higher than that of the adjacent mudflat, more than 80% of wave attenuation was ascribed to the presence of vegetation, suggesting that shoaling effects were of minor importance. On average, waves reaching the marsh were eliminated over a distance of ∼80 m, although a marsh distance of ≥100 m was needed before the maximum height waves were fully attenuated during high tides. These attenuation distances were longer than those previously found in American salt marshes, mainly due to the macrotidal and exposed conditions at the present site. The ratio of water depth to plant height showed an inverse correlation with wave attenuation rate, indicating that plant height is a crucial factor determining the efficiency of wave attenuation. Consequently, the tall shoots of the introduced S. alterniflora makes this species much more efficient at attenuating waves than the shorter, native pioneer species in the Yangtze Estuary, and should therefore be considered as a factor in coastal management during the present era of sea-level rise and global change. We also found that wave attenuation across the salt marsh can be predicted using published models when a suitable coefficient is incorporated to account for drag, which varies in place and time due to differences in plant characteristics and abiotic conditions (i.e., bed gradient, initial water depth, and wave action).

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“…Bioturbation and trace fossils also reflect the influence of seawater. Therefore, Facies D is considered to be salt marsh deposits (Frey and Basan, 1985). Facies G: Estuarine Central Basin Description: Facies G (1.4 to 16.7 m thick) mainly consists of bluish, light-to dark-gray claystone and siltstone and contains intercalated thin very fine to fine-grained sandstone beds (less than 10 cm in thickness).…”

Section: Facies Description and Depositional Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-resolution sequence stratigraphy in an incised-valley system on the basis of sedimentary organic matter, sulfur content and fossil diatom: An example from Miocene to Pliocene Tatsunokuchi Formation, Iwate Prefecture, Northeast Japan

Yoshida

Inoue

Hoyanagi

et al. 2011

Jour. Sed. Soc. Japan

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This paper discusses relationship among depositional environments, origin of the sedimentary organic matter and diatom fossil assemblage, combined with sequence stratigraphy in an incised-valley system. Interpretation of the environments and their changes was based on sedimentary facies, total sulfur (TS) content, and diatom assemblages. The quantity and composition of organic matter were estimated for the environmental interpretation on the basis of the total organic carbon (TOC) content, reflected-light fluorescent microscopy, and stable carbon isotope ratios of the organic matter (d 13 C org ). The Miocene to Pliocene Ishibane, Tatsunokuchi and Motohata formations in northeast Japan consist of estuarine and fluvial deposits that were formed during a rise and fall of sea level. The proportions of vitrinite and cutinite that are coarse-grained and terrestrial in origin are relatively high in fluvial deposits of the lowstand systems tract. The proportion of marine alginite, TOC content, and d 13 C org values increase upward in estuary deposits of the transgressive systems tract. This implies the increase in the influence of the sea and the estuarine bottom conditions becoming anoxic. The proportions of vitrinite and cutinite increase upward in the highstand systems tract, whereas the d 13 C org values and TOC content decrease upward. These reflect the strong influence of river discharge. Variations of diatom fossil assemblage of fresh water, brackish water, intertidal, coastal marine and open marine species indicate the same repetitions of transgression and regression in the Tatsunokuchi Formation. Therefore, the transgressive systems tract in the Tatsunokuchi Formation includes four cycles of transgression and regression, while highstand systems tract shows one cycle of transgression and regression.

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Coastal Salt Marshes

Cited by 98 publications

References 108 publications

Sediment remobilisation from decomposing cordgrass (Spartina anglica) patches on a wave‐exposed intertidal flat

Sediment remobilisation from decomposing cordgrass (Spartina anglica) patches on a wave‐exposed intertidal flat

Wave Attenuation at a Salt Marsh Margin: A Case Study of an Exposed Coast on the Yangtze Estuary

High-resolution sequence stratigraphy in an incised-valley system on the basis of sedimentary organic matter, sulfur content and fossil diatom: An example from Miocene to Pliocene Tatsunokuchi Formation, Iwate Prefecture, Northeast Japan

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