Climate Change 2014 Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability
DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781107415379.010
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Coastal Systems and Low-Lying Areas

Abstract: Since the IPCC Third Assessment Report (TAR), our understanding of the implications of climate change for coastal systems and low-lying areas (henceforth referred to as 'coasts') has increased substantially and six important policy-relevant messages have emerged. Coasts are experiencing the adverse consequences of hazards related to climate and sea level (very high confidence). Coasts are highly vulnerable to extreme events, such as storms, which impose substantial costs on coastal societies [6.2.1, 6.2.2, 6.5… Show more

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Cited by 27 publications
(13 citation statements)
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References 227 publications
(285 reference statements)
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“…Storm surge intensity and frequency are both expected to change in future 6,17,20 , while riverflows are expected to change by up to 40% in some regions 21 . These climate change driven variations in natural forcing are likely to result in significant morphological impacts along, especially, the sandy coastlines of the world 3,5,22,23 , which constitute 31% of the global coastline 24 and are subject to a very high level of human utilisation 2,25 . The potential first order climate change driven morphological impacts on sandy coasts, are summarized in Table 1, together with their main drivers and manifestation time scales.…”
Section: Climate Change Driven Coastal Changementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Storm surge intensity and frequency are both expected to change in future 6,17,20 , while riverflows are expected to change by up to 40% in some regions 21 . These climate change driven variations in natural forcing are likely to result in significant morphological impacts along, especially, the sandy coastlines of the world 3,5,22,23 , which constitute 31% of the global coastline 24 and are subject to a very high level of human utilisation 2,25 . The potential first order climate change driven morphological impacts on sandy coasts, are summarized in Table 1, together with their main drivers and manifestation time scales.…”
Section: Climate Change Driven Coastal Changementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Understanding the climate of extreme water levels is important for coastal protection, particularly as climate change affects wind and weather conditions and sea level rise, subsequently modifying extreme water levels (McInnes et al, 2016;Vitousek et al, 2017;Vousdoukas et al, 2018;Wong et al, 2014). The contributing processes to water level extremes include ocean basin scale steric and barotropic sea levels, astronomical tide, atmospheric forced coastal storm surge, wind wave-driven wave setup, and wave runup, each of which can occur in isolation or coincidentally.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…On the other hand, coastal scientists ask for ever more frequent observations of sand and shoreline displacements to better understand the underlying physics and to improve the accuracy of prediction tools. Demand will likely increase with rising sea level and changing storm patterns [2,3], which has fostered the development and application of new surveying methods [4][5][6], and the so-called Blue Economy [7] is a chance to contribute to this effort.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%