Coating Methods of Carbon Nonwovens with Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid and Its Conjugates with BMP Fragments

Abstract

The cross-linking of polysaccharides is a universal approach to affect their structure and physical properties. Both physical and chemical methods are used for this purpose. Although chemical cross-linking provides good thermal and mechanical stability for the final products, the compounds used as stabilizers can affect the integrity of the cross-linked substances or have toxic properties that limit the applicability of the final products. These risks might be mitigated by using physically cross-linked gels. In the present study, we attempted to obtain hybrid materials based on carbon nonwovens with a layer of cross-linked hyaluronan and peptides that are fragments of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). A variety of cross-linking procedures and cross-linking agents (1,4-butanediamine, citric acid, and BDDE) were tested to find the most optimal method to coat the hydrophobic carbon nonwovens with a hydrophilic hyaluronic acid (HA) layer. Both the use of hyaluronic acid chemically modified with BMP fragments and a physical modification approach (layer-by-layer method) were proposed. The obtained hybrid materials were tested with the spectrometric (MALDI-TOF MS) and spectroscopic methods (IR and 1H-NMR). It was found that the chemical cross-linking of polysaccharides is an effective method for the deposition of a polar active substance on the surface of a hydrophobic carbon nonwoven fabric and that the final material is highly biocompatible.

Chemical Modifications in Hyaluronic Acid‐Based Electrospun Scaffolds

“…The following reaction with the N-terminal amino group, or eventual ɛ-amino group of lysine residues caused the formation of the amide linkage. In this way antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) like nisin, [55] or colistin, [56] cell penetrating peptides G 4 R 8 , [57] fibronectin-derived cell adhesive peptides, like G 1/4 RGDS peptides, [58] BMP-2 peptide, [59] acne alleviating peptide, [60] as well as endothelial cell specific peptide REDV [61] were successfully conjugated to HA. In some cases EDC alone was employed as activating agent for conjugating peptides like the cell penetrating peptide SS-31 the cell binding peptide, [62] GRGDSY, [63] or the collagen binding peptide LSELRLHNN.…”