Cobalt recycling in the United States in 1998

Shedd, Kim B.

doi:10.3133/cir1196m

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Because cobalt mine production mainly occurs as a byproduct of the mining and processing of other metals, cobalt may be found in the residues of metallurgical processing (e.g., tailings and slag) . The majority of cobalt in ores is separated from the primary minerals or metals of interest during beneficiation or metallurgical processing.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of cobalt in ores is separated from the primary minerals or metals of interest during beneficiation or metallurgical processing. This processing encompasses a wide variety of extractive metallurgical techniques, depending upon factors such as the type of ore, energy availability, environmental concerns, and market demand for primary products and byproducts (see Figure for a general overview).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because cobalt mine production mainly occurs as a byproduct of other metals mining, its recovery rates (and, tied to this, the rate at which it is left behind as “waste”) are quite variable, ranging from less than 10% to greater than 80% . In the present work, a recovery rate of 50% was assigned to mine production as an overall estimate, as was done in a study by Shedd . The processes for producing refined cobalt products are also varied, and have variable waste rates.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tracking the Metal of the Goblins: Cobalt’s Cycle of Use

Harper

Kavlak

Graedel

2011

Environ. Sci. Technol.

112

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Cobalt is a vital element in many technological applications, which, together with its increasing end-use in batteries, makes it important to quantify its cycle of use. We have done so for the planet as a whole and for the three principal cobalt-using countries - China, Japan, and the United States - for 2005. Together, China, Japan, and the United States accounted for approximately 65% of the cobalt fabricated and manufactured into end-use products (a total of 37 Gg Co). A time residence model allowed calculations of in-use stock accumulation and recycled and landfilled flows. China had the largest accumulation of in-use stock at some 4.3 Gg Co, over half of which was comprised of consumer battery stock. More than half of the stock accumulation in the United States was estimated to be in aircraft, rocket, and gas turbine engines, with a total in-use stock accumulation of approximately 3 Gg Co. The largest amounts of cobalt landfilled in China, the United States, and the planet were from the "chemical and other uses" category, and Japan's largest landfilled flow was in consumer batteries.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Tracking the Metal of the Goblins: Cobalt’s Cycle of Use

Harper

Kavlak

Graedel

2011

Environ. Sci. Technol.

112

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show abstract

“…These groups are located in four geographical areas, although their studies often extend to other regions. The United States ,,− and Europe ,,− have been quite active since the mid-1990s. Japan has been a significant contributor as well, − though almost all its publications date from 2005 and apply mostly to Japan.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropogenic Cycles of the Elements: A Critical Review

Chen

Graedel

2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

215

143

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A cycle is the quantitative characterization of the flows of a specific material into, within, and from a given system. An anthropogenic elemental cycle can be static (for a point in time) or dynamic (over a time interval). The about 350 publications collected for this review contain a total of 1074 individual cycle determinations, 989 static and 85 dynamic, for 59 elements; more than 90% of the publications have appeared since 2000. The cycles are of varying quality and completeness, with about 80% at country- or territory-level, addressing 45 elements, and 5% at global-level, addressing 30 elements. Despite their limitations, cycles have often been successful in revealing otherwise unknown information. Most of the elements for which no cycles exist are radioactively unstable or are used rarely and in small amounts. For a variety of reasons, the anthropogenic cycles of only perhaps a dozen elements are well characterized. For all the others, with cycles limited or nonexistent, our knowledge of types of uses, lifetimes in those uses, international trade, losses to the environment, and rates of recycling is quite limited, thereby making attempts to evaluate resource sustainability particularly problematic.

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“…In the major growing areas in the United States, corn was stored primarily in cribs and shelled just before use . During the 1940s, producers began changing to harvesting systems that shell corn at harvest, so that by 1998, only 7% of the U.S. corn crop was stored unshelled in cribs .…”

Section: Penicillium Toxins In Ricementioning

confidence: 99%

A Concise History of Mycotoxin Research

Pitt

Miller

2016

J. Agric. Food Chem.

218

151

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Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins entered human food supplies about the time when mankind first began to cultivate crops and to store them from one season to the next, perhaps 10,000 years ago. The storage of cereals probably initiated the transition by mankind from hunter-gatherer to cultivator, at the same time providing a vast new ecological niche for fungi pathogenic on grain crops or saprophytic on harvested grain, many of which produced mycotoxins. Grains have always been the major source of mycotoxins in the diet of man and his domestic animals. In the historical context, ergotism from Claviceps purpurea in rye has been known probably for more than 2000 years and caused the deaths of many thousands of people in Europe in the last millennium. Known in Japan since the 17th century, acute cardiac beriberi associated with the consumption of moldy rice was found to be due to citreoviridin produced by Penicillium citreonigrum. This toxin was believed to be only of historic importance until its reemergence in Brazil a few years ago. Other Penicillium toxins, including ochratoxin A, once considered to be a possible cause of Balkan endemic nephropathy, are treated in a historical context. The role of Fusarium toxins in human and animal health, especially T-2 toxin in alimentary toxic aleukia in Russia in the 1940s and fumonisins in equine leucoencephalomalasia, is set out in some detail. Finally, this paper documents the story of the research that led to our current understanding of the formation of aflatoxins in grains and nuts, due to the growth of Aspergillus flavus and its role, in synergy with the hepatitis B virus, in human liver cancer. During a period of climate change and greatly reduced crop diversity on a global basis, researchers tasked with monitoring the food system need to be aware of fungal toxins that might have been rare in their working careers that can reappear.

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Cobalt recycling in the United States in 1998

Cited by 8 publications

References 1 publication

Tracking the Metal of the Goblins: Cobalt’s Cycle of Use

Tracking the Metal of the Goblins: Cobalt’s Cycle of Use

Anthropogenic Cycles of the Elements: A Critical Review

A Concise History of Mycotoxin Research

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