Cobot And Robot Risk Assessment (CARRA) method: an Automation Level-Based Safety Assessment Tool to Improve Fluency in Safe Human Cobot/Robot Interaction

Abstract

Cobots and robots are integral to automated manufacturing operations. Although there are many studies in the field of industrial robots and cobots to make them safer the number of OSHA accidents due to cobots and robots has not decreased. Even though these cobots are considered inherently safe, they open more probability for accidents because they are not caged. Therefore, it is necessary for the manufacturing industries using cobots to consider the risk involved in human cobot interaction and the ways to attain safety and lower the risk of injury before installing cobots on assembly lines. A user-centric tool was developed to perform an ergonomic risk assessment using process- failure mode effect analysis for different automation levels in human-cobot interaction. The tool suggests recommended actions and various options to eliminate physical injuries. The results provide insights about safety analysis that can be used by manufacturers to improve safe human cobot interaction.

Beyond Innovation: Assessing the Risk Terrain of Industry 5.0 Technologies

“…Overall, the study suggests that the type and form of cobots in uence participants' trustworthiness perception, perceived risk, and the attention resources required for interacting with the cobots during viewing tasks. The study (Stone, et al 2021) talks about the risks with cobots which could be 1. Increased probability of accidents: The text mentions that cobots, because they are not caged traditional industrial robots, may open more probability for accidents.…”

“…Di culties encountered in evaluating the dependability and integrity of data collected on a global scale or held by private healthcare companies. According to the authors perspective in (Stone, et al 2021), while cobots and robots play a crucial role in automated manufacturing operations, there has been no decrease in the number of OSHA accidents involving these machines, despite extensive research to enhance their safety. The author suggests that although cobots are considered inherently safe, their lack of physical enclosures or cages increases the probability of accidents.…”

The Effectiveness of Active Shooter Responses for Civilians and Law Enforcement

“…In both cases, a "hide and hope" (Buerger & Buerger, 2010) method is utilized where civilians wait until a tactical response team arrives. Despite these critiques, these practices still remain, as is common with most practices that lag behind the cutting edge of research (R. T. Stone et al, 2021).…”