Cocaine and adulterants analysis in seized drug samples by infrared spectroscopy and MCR-ALS

Silva, Adrianne F. da; Grobério, Tatiane S.; Zacca, Jorge Jardim; Maldaner, Adriano O.; Braga, Jez Willian Batista

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.07.006

Cited by 23 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…A low response in the opposite direction to that of cocaine was recorded for levamisole. However, although in real drug samples, the cutting agent might be present in lower concentration than cocaine [39,40], in this study, it was tested in a similar concentration range (ng mL −1 ) (i.e., 1.06-1.67 times higher in molarity), thus assessing a worst-case scenario. Furthermore, the specificity of the nanoMIPs used in this work was also tested against paracetamol and caffeine, using a "Pseudo" ELISA assay, and no cross-reactivity was reported [41].…”

Section: Sensor Sensitivity and Specificitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 2 shows a comparison between the sensor developed in this work with other available analytical tools. The EIS nanoMIPs sensor was then tested against morphine, as another commonly trafficked drug of abuse, and levamisole as a common cutting agent [35][36][37][38][39]. Increasing concentrations of each analyte (from 100 pg mL −1 to 50 ng mL −1 ) were incubated on the sensor surface, and the EIS spectra were recorded.…”

Section: Sensor Sensitivity and Specificitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecularly Imprinted Nanoparticles Based Sensor for Cocaine Detection

et al. 2020

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The development of a sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nanoMIPs) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for the detection of trace levels of cocaine is described in this paper. NanoMIPs for cocaine detection, synthesized using a solid phase, were applied as the sensing element. The nanoMIPs were first characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering and found to be ~148.35 ± 24.69 nm in size, using TEM. The nanoMIPs were then covalently attached to gold screen-printed electrodes and a cocaine direct binding assay was developed and optimized, using EIS as the sensing principle. EIS was recorded at a potential of 0.12 V over the frequency range from 0.1 Hz to 50 kHz, with a modulation voltage of 10 mV. The nanoMIPs sensor was able to detect cocaine in a linear range between 100 pg mL−1 and 50 ng mL−1 (R2 = 0.984; p-value = 0.00001) and with a limit of detection of 0.24 ng mL−1 (0.70 nM). The sensor showed no cross-reactivity toward morphine and a negligible response toward levamisole after optimizing the sensor surface blocking and assay conditions. The developed sensor has the potential to offer a highly sensitive, portable and cost-effective method for cocaine detection.

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Section: Sensor Sensitivity and Specificitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sensor Sensitivity and Specificitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecularly Imprinted Nanoparticles Based Sensor for Cocaine Detection

et al. 2020

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“…It also has to be said that this approach is to our knowledge the first that allows the characterisation of four different types of party drugs, encountered in the context of drug checking using only spectroscopy. Sure, spectroscopy and chemometrics were already used in this context, but always to characterise a specific type of samples like MDMA tablets 7–10,19 or cocaine 11–18 . Though all these papers focussed on only one type of drug samples and made often use of reference standards or specific calibration samples for quantitative estimations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sure, spectroscopy and chemometrics were already used in this context, but always to characterise a specific type of samples like MDMA tablets [7][8][9][10]19 or cocaine. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Though all these papers focussed on only one type of drug samples and made often use of reference standards or specific calibration samples for quantitative estimations. Also, this approach was developed in the context of drug checking and prevention and not in the context of law enforcement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neto et al 6 described an application based on Fourier transformed IR (FT‐IR) and discriminant analysis to identify hallucinogenic NBOMe derivatives and other new psychotropic substances on blotter papers. The majority of the papers however focussed on the characterisation of ecstasy tablets 7–10 and cocaine samples 11–18 . What all these papers have in common is that they only focus on one type of drug samples, have limited sample sets and all make use of chemometric techniques that are not or not yet available through the softwares of IR instrument vendors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An infrared spectroscopic approach to characterise white powders, easily applicable in the context of drug checking, drug prevention and on‐site analysis

Deconinck

Aït-Kaci

Raes

et al. 2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

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More and more events, such as the summer music festivals, are considering the possibilities for implementing on‐site testing of psychoactive drugs in the context of prevention and harm reduction. Although the on‐site identification is already implemented by plenty of drug checking services, the required rapid quantitative dosing of the composition of illicit substances is still a missing aspect for a successful harm reduction strategy at events. In this paper, an approach is presented to identify white powders as amphetamine, cocaine, ketamine or others and to estimate the purity of the amphetamine, cocaine and ketamine samples using spectroscopic techniques hyphenated with partial least squares (PLS) modelling. For identification purposes, it was observed that mid‐infrared spectroscopy hyphenated with PLS‐discriminant analysis allowed the distinction between amphetamine, cocaine, ketamine and other samples and this with a correct classification rate of 93.1% for an external test set. For quantitative estimation, near‐infrared spectroscopy was more performant and allowed the estimation of the dosage/purity of the amphetamine, cocaine and ketamine samples with an error of more or less 10% w/w. An easily applicable, practical and cost‐effective approach for on‐site characterisation of the majority of the psychoactive samples encountered in Belgian nightlife settings based on IR spectroscopy was proposed.

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Portable testing techniques for the analysis of drug materials

Alonzo

Alder

Clancy

et al. 2022

WIREs Forensic Science

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The analysis of drug material in the field is an important function of law enforcement agencies, forensic drug laboratories, and drug checking services. Portable testing techniques employed by these different groups range from inexpensive screening tools with low discriminating power, such as presumptive chemical color tests, to more sophisticated portable analytical techniques that behave as miniaturized versions of their laboratory counterparts, such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Rapid non‐destructive analysis in the field and non‐laboratory environments is afforded by portable and handheld Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers with little to no sample preparation, while handheld Raman analyzers have the added potential for drug material identification through sealed packaging using spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS). Utilization of the most suitable testing technique for the given environment is demonstrated at international borders and airports wherein ion mobility spectroscopy (IMS) is frequently employed for the detection of drug (and explosive) residues owing to its ease of operation and rapid analysis. Advances in technology and materials have provided analysts with new portable testing techniques, including paper spray ionization–MS (PSI‐MS), an ambient MS technique that provides sensitive, rapid, and reliable analysis without the need for sample preparation steps. A growing area of research and interest in the development of sensitive and selective optical and electrochemical portable (bio)sensors for in‐field analysis of drug material indicates that new commercial sensors for drug detection will be available in the foreseeable future. This article is categorized under: Forensic Chemistry and Trace Evidence > Controlled and Emerging Drug Compounds Forensic Chemistry and Trace Evidence > Emerging Technologies and Methods Toxicology > Drug Analysis

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Cocaine and adulterants analysis in seized drug samples by infrared spectroscopy and MCR-ALS

Cited by 23 publications

References 16 publications

Molecularly Imprinted Nanoparticles Based Sensor for Cocaine Detection

Molecularly Imprinted Nanoparticles Based Sensor for Cocaine Detection

An infrared spectroscopic approach to characterise white powders, easily applicable in the context of drug checking, drug prevention and on‐site analysis

Portable testing techniques for the analysis of drug materials

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