Cocaine and benzoylecgonine concentrations in fluorinated plasma samples of drivers under suspicion of driving under influence

Mußhoff, Frank; Madea, Burkhard

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.03.032

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…These sensitivities demonstrated for cocaine and acetaminophen are sufficient to detect typical overdose saliva concentrations of ∼0.6–0.8 and 10–50 mcg/mL for these drugs, respectively [13,14]. It should be noted that the analyzer does not have to quantify the drugs, but it does need to have sufficient sensitivity to detect and subsequently identify them.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The last requirement can be best met using saliva as the sample medium [10]. This is a reasonable approach since drugs are represented in saliva at concentrations similar to blood plasma (e.g., cocaine at 0.6–0.8 mcg/mL [11-13] acetaminophen at 10–50 mcg/mL [14]), saliva is 99.5% water making it easy to chemically analyze [15], and simple saliva collectors are available [16]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Rapid Detection and Identification of Overdose Drugs in Saliva by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Using Fused Gold Colloids

et al. 2011

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The number of drug-related emergency room visits in the United States doubled from 2004 to 2009 to 4.6 million. Consequently there is a critical need to rapidly identify the offending drug(s), so that the appropriate medical care can be administered. In an effort to meet this need we have been investigating the ability of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to detect and identify numerous drugs in saliva at ng/mL concentrations within 10 minutes. Identification is provided by matching measured spectra to a SERS library comprised of over 150 different drugs, each of which possess a unique spectrum. Trace detection is provided by fused gold colloids trapped within a porous glass matrix that generate SERS. Speed is provided by a syringe-driven sample system that uses a solid-phase extraction capillary combined with a SERS-active capillary in series. Spectral collection is provided by a portable Raman analyzer. Here we describe successful measurement of representative illicit, prescribed, and over-the-counter drugs by SERS, and 50 ng/mL cocaine in saliva as part of a focused study.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Detection and Identification of Overdose Drugs in Saliva by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Using Fused Gold Colloids

et al. 2011

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“…In 12 samples of impaired driving cases, mean COC concentration was 0.08 mg/l (median 0.03 mg/l, high range 2.39 mg/l and low range 0.005 mg/l). 35 A study describing concentrations of drugs in fatally injured drivers found the mean and median concentrations of COC to be 0.72 mg/l and median 0.31, respectively, and range to be <0.01–1.08 mg/l 36 and concentrations reported by Musshoff and Madea 37 in DUID cases with COC as the only psychoactive substance in plasma were: mean 0.836 mg/l, median 0.379 mg/l and range 0.005–2 mg/l. In these two articles, the median blood values were very similar to the median OF value we discovered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Drivers under the influence of drugs of abuse: quantification of cocaine and impaired driving

Arroyo¹,

Sánchez²,

Barbería³

et al. 2013

Med Leg J

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In recent years, the interest in oral fluid as a biological matrix has significantly increased, particularly for detecting driving under the influence of drugs. In this study, the concentration of cocaine and its relationship with clinical symptoms in drivers suspected of driving under the influence of drugs was evaluated. A total of 154 samples of oral fluid, which tested positive for cocaine in previous immunoassay screening, Cozart Drug Detector System, were confirmed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method. In Catalonia, during 2007-2010, there were 1791 samples positive for cocaine among a total of 3468 samples taken from drivers who tested positive for any drug of abuse. The evaluation of clinical symptoms was through a questionnaire that was filled in by the police officers who collected the samples. The mean concentration of cocaine was 4.11 mg/l and median concentration was 0.38 mg/l (range 0.01-345.64 mg/l). Clinical impairment symptoms such as motor coordination, walking, speech, mood and state of pupils were not significant. The testing of oral fluids presents fewer ethical problems than blood or urine.

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“…sodium fluoride inhibiting esterases is recommended. [22][23][24] Wu et al 25 studied the stability of cocaine, opioids, and benzodiazepines in meconium and concluded that some of them may not be stable for a longer time. Also NPS can be affected by instability e.g.…”

Section: Analyte Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pitfalls in drug testing by hyphenated low‐ and high‐resolution mass spectrometry

Maurer

2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

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This paper reviews various pitfalls observed during developing, validation, application, and interpretation of drug testing approaches using GC-MS and low-and high-resolution LC-MS. They include sampling and storage of body samples, sample adulteration and contamination, analyte stability, sample preparation without or with cleavage of conjugates, extraction, derivatization, internal standardization, false negative and positive results by GC-MS or LC-MS screening and/or confirmation procedures including artifact formation, ion suppression or enhancement by electrospray ionization, and finally pitfalls in data interpretation. Conclusions and prospects close the Tutorial. K E Y W O R D S

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Cocaine and benzoylecgonine concentrations in fluorinated plasma samples of drivers under suspicion of driving under influence

Cited by 25 publications

References 46 publications

Rapid Detection and Identification of Overdose Drugs in Saliva by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Using Fused Gold Colloids

Rapid Detection and Identification of Overdose Drugs in Saliva by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Using Fused Gold Colloids

Drivers under the influence of drugs of abuse: quantification of cocaine and impaired driving

Pitfalls in drug testing by hyphenated low‐ and high‐resolution mass spectrometry

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